9,901 articles
Corpus Juris Civilis
Corpus Juris Civilis (Corpus Iuris Civilis), the Body of Civil Law: Justinian's 529-534 CE codification of Roman law in four parts (Code, Digest, Institutes, Novels), foundational for European civil law and still partly in force in Southern Africa.
Corruption
Corruption, the abuse of public office for private gain, also called bribery or state capture; measured mainly by Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, which ranked 182 countries in 2025 with a global average of 42.
Corruption in Nigeria
Corruption in Nigeria: abuse of entrusted power for private gain spanning bribery, embezzlement, and patronage since 1960. CPI score 26/100, rank 142/182; agencies EFCC, ICPC, CCB; 2024 bribery rates up to 67% for police assistance.
Corwin Amendment
The Corwin Amendment, proposed March 2, 1861 by Thomas Corwin of Ohio, was an unratified constitutional amendment that would have permanently barred Congress from abolishing or interfering with slavery in states where it existed.
Cory T. Wilson
Cory T. Wilson, born 1970, is an American jurist serving as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit since 2020.
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE, Conseil des barreaux européens): Brussels-based international non-profit association founded 1960, representing bars of 46 countries and over 1 million European lawyers; issuer of the 1988 Code of Conduct and advocate of the 2025 Luxembourg Convention.
Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession
CETS No. 200, a Council of Europe treaty adopted in Strasbourg on 19 May 2006 and in force since 1 May 2009, obliging successor and predecessor states to prevent statelessness when states succeed one another; seven states party.
Council Tax
Council tax is the local property tax on dwellings in England, Scotland, and Wales, introduced in 1993 under the Local Government Finance Act 1992 to replace the poll tax. Properties sit in bands A–H (A–I in Wales) based on 1991 (England/Scotland) or 2003 (Wales) values, with means-tested Council Tax Reduction for low incomes.
Counselor to the President
Counselor to the President (White House Counsel, formally Counsel to the President) is the White House Office's chief lawyer: advises the president, vets appointments, handles ethics and DOJ liaison, and serves the office of the presidency rather than the individual.
Counter-Terrorism Committee and Resolution 1373 regime
The Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) is a UN Security Council body monitoring all states' implementation of Resolution 1373, adopted unanimously under Chapter VII in 2001 after the 11 September attacks.
Counter-Terrorism Committee engagement with regional organizations and partners
The Counter-Terrorism Committee engages regional and international partners through special meetings, working relationships, and facilitation of technical assistance, beginning with a 2003 New York meeting.
Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate
Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) is the UN Security Council special political mission supporting the Counter-Terrorism Committee; established by resolution 1535 (2004), it conducts confidential country assessments and facilitates technical assistance, with a mandate extended to 5 January 2029.
Counter-Terrorism Committee policy guidance and best-practice instruments
Non-binding policy guidance and best-practice instruments issued by the UN Security Council's Counter-Terrorism Committee, including the CTED Technical Guide and the Algeria Guiding Principles, which impose no new legal obligations.
Counterfeit
Counterfeit: unauthorized imitation of a product or trademark passed off as genuine, distinct from pirated copyrighted content. OECD/EUIPO estimate about USD 467 billion, 2.3% of world trade in 2021, mostly from China, shifting to small-parcel e-commerce.
Counterfeit money
Counterfeit money is illegally produced currency imitating genuine notes or coins. Covers history, UK/US/euro/Russia incidence figures, detection methods, and laws like the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.
County of Sargans
County of Sargans (Grafschaft Sargans), a lordship in the Sarganserland held by the counts of Werdenberg-Sargans from about 1260, pledged to Habsburg and Toggenburg, sold to the seven Swiss cantons in 1483 for 15,000 gulden, and governed as a common bailiwick until 1798.
Court
Court: a judicial tribunal with authority to decide legal disputes and try criminal cases; also a sovereign's household. Covers etymology, English court origins, and hierarchies in the US, Canada, UK, and other systems.
Court dress
Court dress: the prescribed attire of judges, barristers, and lawyers, from English Judges' Rules of 1635 robes and wigs to modern civil robes, the robed UK Supreme Court exception, and national variations worldwide.
Court of Arbitration for Sport
The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), or Tribunal Arbitral du Sport, is a Lausanne-based arbitral body resolving sports disputes and hearing appeals from international federations.
Court of Chancery
The Court of Chancery was England's equity court, headed by the Lord Chancellor, hearing civil disputes on conscience rather than common law; it grew from the royal writing office, rivaled common law courts under Henry VIII, and was dissolved by the Judicature Acts 1873 and 1875.
Court of Criminal Appeal (England and Wales)
Court of Criminal Appeal (England and Wales): court hearing criminal appeals 1908-1966, created by the Criminal Appeal Act 1907, merged into the Court of Appeal Criminal Division by the Criminal Appeal Act 1966.
Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)
The Court of Disputed Returns is the High Court of Australia exercising jurisdiction under s 354 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 to try federal election petitions, with referral possible to the Federal Court; remedies include unseating members and voiding elections.
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU, ECJ): Luxembourg-based EU judicial institution created 1952, comprising the Court of Justice (27 judges, 11 advocates general) and the General Court; ensures uniform application of EU law via preliminary rulings, infringement, and annulment actions.
Court of Wards and Liveries
Court of Wards and Liveries: English court established 1540 under Henry VIII, formally abolished 1660, administering Crown wardship of underage heirs of tenants-in-chief and selling wardships and marriages for revenue.
Court reporter
Court reporter: also called stenographer or voice writer; creates the verbatim official transcript of trials, depositions, and hearings using stenotype machines, stenomasks, or digital recording, distinct from transcriptionists and captioners.
Court system of Canada
Canada's court system: four levels from provincial courts to the Supreme Court of Canada, defined by the Constitution Act, 1867, with federally appointed superior court judges, separate federal courts, and Quebec civil law.
Court-martial
Court-martial: a military court trying armed forces members under the UCMJ and Manual for Courts-Martial; three types (summary, special, general), commander-convened, Article I tribunals with layered appellate review.
Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom
Courtesy titles in the UK are junior titles, such as an heir's use of a father's subsidiary peerage or the style The Honourable, held by custom rather than law by children of peers.
Courts of England and Wales
Courts of England and Wales: the unified court system of the single England and Wales legal jurisdiction, spanning magistrates' courts, Crown Court, County Court, High Court, Court of Appeal, and the UK Supreme Court, distinct from Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Courts of Northern Ireland
The courts of Northern Ireland are the separate court system for one of the UK's three legal jurisdictions, headed by the Lady Chief Justice and based in Belfast.