2,407 articles
International non-governmental organization
International non-governmental organization (INGO): cross-border nonprofit active in humanitarian, development, and rights work; term coined 1945; ECOSOC consultative status since 1946; distinct from local NGOs by transnational scope and donor funding.
International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
International Order of the Rainbow for Girls (IORG, Rainbow Girls), Masonic-linked fraternal youth order for girls founded April 6, 1922 in McAlester, Oklahoma by Rev. W. Mark Sexson; 850+ assemblies, seven rainbow-color lessons, headquarters in McAlester since 1951.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: global humanitarian network founded in Geneva in 1863 by Henry Dunant after Solferino; comprises the ICRC, the IFRC, and 191 National Societies, origin of the Geneva Conventions.
Inuit
Inuit: the Indigenous Arctic people of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland (Inuk singular; Inuvialuit 'the real people'). Constitutionally recognized in Canada; 70,545 in Canada (2021) across Inuit Nunangat's four regions, with five modern treaties and the Inuktut language.
Inuit culture
Inuit culture: culture of the Inuit, an Indigenous Arctic people across Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, descended from the Thule, with Inuktut language, sharing practices, four Canadian regions (Inuit Nunangat), land claims, and climate pressures.
Iñupiat
The Iñupiat are Inuit people of northwest and northern Alaska speaking Iñupiaq (four dialects; about 13,500 people, 3,000 speakers), with over 2,000 years of bowhead whaling and post-1971 ANCSA institutions.
Inuvialuit
Inuvialuit, Inuit of Canada's western Arctic, settled the 1984 Inuvialuit Final Agreement, the first modern treaty north of 60 degrees; self-government talks since 1996 remain unconcluded.
Iranian Americans
Iranian Americans (750,000 in 2024, Pew) are U.S. residents of Iranian birth, ancestry, race, or parentage, formed largely after the 1979 revolution, centered in California and Tehrangeles, Los Angeles, highly educated, 59% foreign-born.
Iranian Azerbaijanis
Iranian Azerbaijanis, also called Iranian Azeris, are the Turkic-speaking, predominantly Shiite population of northwestern Iran and the country's largest ethnic minority, estimated at 20 to 30 million.
Iranian diaspora
Iranian diaspora: people of Iranian origin living outside Iran, formed mainly by emigration since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, centered on the United States (about 750,000) and marked by diversity, stigma, and political division.
Iranian peoples
Iranian peoples: speakers of Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Baluchi and others) and, broadly, peoples of the Iranian plateau, from the first-millennium B.C.E. migration to today's Persians, Kurds, Azeri Turks, Lurs, Baluch, and Tajiks.
Iraqi Turkmen
Iraqi Turkmen (Irak Türkmenleri) are a Turkic-speaking minority in northern and central Iraq, the third-largest ethnic group after Arabs and Kurds, with an estimated 500,000 to 2.5 million people, split between Sunni and Shia, concentrated in Kirkuk, Tal Afar, Mosul, Salaheddin, and Diyala.
Irish Americans
Irish Americans are Americans of Irish birth or ancestry, a population of about 40 million shaped by the Great Famine migration of 1845 to 1852.
Irish Canadians
Irish Canadians, Canadians of Irish ethnic origin, numbered 4,413,120 in the 2021 census. Shaped by pre-famine Protestant settlement and the 1845-52 Great Famine migration, they became a principal English-speaking group in British North America.
Irish diaspora
The Irish diaspora: the global community of Irish emigrants and descendants, about 70 million people, shaped by centuries of emigration, the Great Famine of 1845-52, and modern Irish state diaspora policy.
Irish people
Irish people are an ethnic group native to the island of Ireland. Over four centuries, more than 9.8 million emigrated, creating a global diaspora of over 70 million people.
Irish Traveller Americans
Irish Traveller Americans, also called Mincéirí Americans, are members of the traditionally nomadic Irish Traveller minority living in the United States, largely descended from nineteenth-century emigrants.
Irish Travellers
Irish Travellers (Mincéirí, Pavees) are a traditionally nomadic indigenous ethnic minority in Ireland, recognised as an ethnic group in 2017; 32,949 counted in Census 2022, distinct from Roma, with own language (Gammon/Cant/Shelta) and severe documented inequality.
Iroij
Iroij (also spelled irooj) is the Marshallese term for the hereditary chiefs of the Marshall Islands, who held authority over land, people, and disputes in a matrilineal society.
Iroquois
The Iroquois, or Haudenosaunee Confederacy (People of the Longhouse), is a Native American confederation of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and, from 1722, Tuscarora nations, governed under the Great Law of Peace by a Grand Council of 50 sachems chosen by clan mothers.
Irreligion in India
Irreligion in India, also called atheism, rationalism, or nonreligion, spans the ancient Carvaka materialists to modern activist groups. Indians with no religion are a tiny minority, about 30,000 self-described atheists in the census, and atheism is not officially recognized.
Irreligion in the United States
Irreligion in the United States: religiously unaffiliated Americans ("nones"), atheists, agnostics, and "nothing in particular," about 29% of adults per Pew 2023-24, up from 16% in 2007, plateaued since 2020.
Isaaq
Isaaq (Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq), a major Somali clan-family centered in Somaliland, claiming descent from Sheikh Isaaq ibn Ahmad al-Hashimi of Maydh; sub-clans include Habr Awal, Garhajis, Habr Yunis; victims of the 1980s Isaaq genocide; basis of Somaliland's 1991 independence declaration.
Isai Vellalar
Isai Vellalar (இசை வேளாளர்), formerly called Devadasi, is a Tamil Nadu caste of hereditary temple musicians and dancers, formed from Melakkarar, Nayanakkarar, and Nattuvanar castes; listed as a Backward Class.
Ishmaelites
Ishmaelites (Hebrew yishmeʿeʾlim): biblical nomadic tribes descended from Ishmael, son of Abraham and Hagar, later a collective label for Arabs and Muslims in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition; also called Hagarenes, distinct from Ismailis.
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or Bosnian Islam, is the Islamic tradition of the Bosniaks, established after the 1463 Ottoman conquest and institutionalized as the independent Islamic Community in 1882; it is frequently cited in the European Islam debate.
Islam in Kerala
Islam in Kerala centers on the Mappilas, Malayali Muslims of over eight million formed from 7th-century Arab trade, blending Arab-Islamic and South Indian traditions in Arabi-Malayalam, Shafi Sunni practice, education, and Malabar-centered politics.
Israeli Jews
Israeli Jews: the Jewish majority of Israel's population, about 7 million people, formed by aliyah immigration waves and divided among secular, traditional, religious, and ultra-Orthodox streams and Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, and other ethnic groups.
Israelis
Israelis are the citizens and permanent residents of the State of Israel, a population of roughly 10.1 million people divided into Jews, Arabs, and others.
Italian Americans
Italian Americans, Americans of Italian ancestry, about 17 million people and the fifth largest US ancestry group; shaped by mass southern Italian immigration from the 1880s to 1924, return migration, Catholic institutions, and gradual assimilation.