2,407 articles
Indigenous peoples of Cuba
Indigenous peoples of Cuba: pre-contact Taíno and Ciboney (Guanahatabey) societies of South American origin, their demographic collapse under Spanish conquest, surviving eastern Cuban descendant communities, and the genetic legacy (33% Native American maternal lineages, about 4% genome-wide ancestry) persisting in today's Cubans.
Indigenous peoples of Mexico
Indigenous peoples of Mexico (pueblos indígenas de México), self-identified descendants of pre-Columbian inhabitants, over 23 million people (about 20% of Mexico), speaking 364 language variants in 11 families; Nahuatl largest; rights shaped by ILO 169, the 2001 amendment, and the 2024 Article 2 reform.
Indigenous peoples of New York (state)
Indigenous peoples of New York State: nine federally or state-recognized nations including the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) and Long Island's Shinnecock and Unkechaug; about 400,000 residents of Native heritage, ongoing land claims, and state consultation frameworks.
Indigenous peoples of Siberia
Indigenous peoples of Siberia: 47 legally recognized small-numbered groups under 50,000 each, about 316,000 people by the 2010 census, living by reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, and gathering across the Russian North, Siberia, and Far East.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The Indigenous peoples of the Americas, also known as Amerindians, descend from the peoples who inhabited the Americas before European contact; hundreds of distinct ethnic groups survive today.
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin: Western Shoshone (Newe), Goshute, Ute, Paiute (Numu, Nuwu), and Washoe (Wašiw) nations of the arid US interior; Numic speakers except Washoe, over 13,000 years of occupation, foraging lifeways, and ongoing water and sovereignty struggles.
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, also called Northwest Coast First Nations (Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakwaka'wakw, Coast Salish and others), are the Native nations of the Alaskan-to-northern-California coast, marked by salmon economies, stratified kin-groups, the potlatch, monumental carving, and treaty fishing rights.
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines, also known as Indigenous Philippine tribes, are culturally distinct communities. They are recognized by the 1997 Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act.
Indo people
Indo people (Dutch Indo-Europeans, Indische Nederlanders) are people of mixed Dutch-European and Indonesian descent from the Dutch East Indies; most left for the Netherlands after decolonization (around 300,000 repatriants, 1946–1968), with smaller communities remaining in Indonesia.
Indo-Fijians
Indo-Fijians, Fiji citizens of South Asian descent, descend mainly from about 60,537 indentured Girmit labourers brought from India 1879-1916 aboard ships like the Leonidas; 37.5% of the 2017 population, Fiji Hindi-speaking, shaped by coups of 1987, 2000, and 2006.
Indo-Guyanese
Indo-Guyanese are Guyanese descended from Indian indentured laborers brought to British Guiana between 1838 and 1917; roughly 238,979 arrived, and they are Guyana's largest ethnic group, dominant in the PPP and concentrated in Hindu and Muslim communities.
Indo-Iranians
The Indo-Iranians are speakers of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani branches of Indo-European, unified by shared innovations such as the ruki rule. Proto-Indo-Iranian split around 2000 BCE; Mittani records give the earliest attestation, and the homeland remains debated between steppe and Central Asian models.
Indo-Surinamese
Indo-Surinamese (Hindustani-Surinamese, Hindostanen): descendants of about 34,000 indentured laborers from British India who came to Suriname 1873-1916; largest ethnic group (27.4%, 2012), Sarnami-speaking, with a large Dutch diaspora.
Indonesians
Indonesians are the people of Indonesia, about 285.7 million in 2025, 55.65% on Java, with over 600 ethnic groups, roughly 700 regional languages, a Muslim majority, and Bahasa Indonesia as the unifying national language.
Industrial society
Industrial society: a social organization based on mass production of commodities, emerging in Western Europe from the British Industrial Revolution (mid-18th to mid-19th century), powered by fossil fuels; contrasted with agrarian and postindustrial societies in sociology.
Information society
Information society: a society where information creation, distribution, and use dominate economic and cultural life; also called johoka or network society (Castells). Key facts: Webster's six definitions, Bell's post-industrialism roots, digital divide, WSIS 2003 vision.
Ingrian Finns
Ingrian Finns (inkerinsuomalaiset, ингерманландцы), descendants of 17th-century Lutheran Finnish settlers in Ingria near St. Petersburg; distinct from Izhorians; deported under Stalin, partly repatriated to Finland 1990–2010.
Ingush people
Ingush (self-name Ghalghaj, гIалгIай), a Vainakh people of the North Caucasus closely related to the Chechens; mountain people who migrated to lowlands in the 16th-19th centuries, deported in 1944, now centered in the Republic of Ingushetia.
Institution
Institution (social institution): enduring structures of rules, norms, and roles organizing behavior around needs like family, religion, education, government, and economy; distinguished from organizations and from informal conventions, norms, and rituals.
Institutional analysis and development framework
The institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework is a method for analyzing institutions, developed at Indiana University, that takes the action situation as its unit of analysis.
Intellectual
Intellectual: a person who works primarily with ideas and knowledge; related term intelligentsia (Russian educated class, in English from the 1920s). Sociology distinguishes class-in-themselves, class-bound (Gramsci's organic intellectual), and class-less (Mannheim) treatments, plus the public intellectual role.
Intellectual dark web
Intellectual dark web (IDW): loose network of heterodox pundits and academics named by Eric Weinstein and popularized by Bari Weiss's 2018 New York Times essay; members included Peterson, Harris, Shapiro, Rogan; known for anti-identity-politics, free-speech branding and later decline.
Intelligentsia
Intelligentsia (intelligentsiia): a stratum of educated intellectual workers, a term from Russian usage carrying a critical, independent stance; distinct from mere credential-holding, central to Russian, Soviet, and sociological debates.
Intentional community
An intentional community, also called a communal or cooperative community, is a group that deliberately lives together to express shared values, in forms like ecovillages, cohousing, and kibbutzim.
Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication: interaction in which cultural and linguistic differences are seen as relevant; also an interdisciplinary field covering nonverbal misunderstanding, cultural intelligence, training, healthcare, and AI tools.
Internal displacement in Nigeria
Internal displacement in Nigeria, among the world's largest displacement crises, has uprooted about 3.7 million people, driven by the Boko Haram and ISWAP insurgencies, armed banditry, communal conflicts, and floods.
Internal displacement in Peru
Internal displacement in Peru is the forced movement of people within the country, caused mainly by the 1980–2000 armed conflict between the state and Shining Path.
Internal migration in Peru
Internal migration in Peru is the movement of Peruvians between the country's regions, above all the twentieth-century exodus from the Andean highlands to the coast, especially Lima.
Internalized racism
Internalized racism, also called internalized racial oppression, is the internalized level of racism in which members of a racialized group absorb dominant-society racist ideologies about their own group; studied via scales like the IRRS and IRAAS and linked to worse mental and physical health.
Internally displaced person
An internally displaced person, or IDP, is a person forced to flee their home but who remains within their national borders. In 2025, 82.2 million people were in displacement.