146 articles
Chipko movement
Chipko movement (चिपको, Hindi 'to hug'), a non-violent forest conservation movement begun in 1973 in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India, where village women led by Gaura Devi hugged trees to block commercial logging, winning a 15-year felling ban in 1980.
Citizenship Amendment Act protests
Nationwide Indian protest movement, December 2019 to March 2020, against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019, which first made religion a citizenship criterion; centered on Shaheen Bagh sit-in, with deaths, detentions and 2024 implementation.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1866, enacted April 9, 1866 over President Andrew Johnson's veto; first major U.S. law passed over a veto. Declared birthright citizenship and equal contract, court, and property rights; became template for the Fourteenth Amendment; survives as 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981-1982.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-352), signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, bans discrimination by race, color, religion, sex, and national origin in employment, public accommodations, and federally funded programs, and created the EEOC under Title VII.
Civil rights movements
Civil rights movements are organized campaigns for equal legal treatment, from the US Black freedom struggle of the 1950s-1960s (Montgomery boycott, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965) to Black Lives Matter and 2025-2026 voting rights protests, with parallel women's, LGBTQI+, and global movements.
Claudette Colvin
Claudette Colvin (1939–2026), American civil rights pioneer arrested March 2, 1955 at age 15 for refusing a Montgomery segregated bus seat nine months before Rosa Parks, and plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle.
Collective Shout
Collective Shout, founded by Melinda Tankard Reist, is an Australian grassroots anti-pornography campaign group opposing objectification of women and sexualization of girls; known for the 2018 Sexpo lawsuit win and the 2025 Steam payment-processor campaign.
Compulsory sterilization
Compulsory sterilization is surgical sterilization without a person's informed consent, ordered by a state and now recognized as a human rights violation.
Confederation Riots
The Confederation Riots were an 1876 outbreak of violence in Barbados, where African-Barbadian laborers plundered plantations and ended a British plan to confederate the island with the Windward Islands.
Conga mining conflict
The Conga mining conflict was a dispute over a proposed gold and copper mine in Cajamarca, Peru, pitting Minera Yanacocha against communities over water, peaking in deadly 2012 protests.
Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), founded in Chicago in 1942 by James Farmer, George Houser, and others from the Fellowship of Reconciliation, was an interracial civil rights organization that pioneered nonviolent direct action, sit-ins, the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the 1961 Freedom Rides, and Freedom Summer, before shifting to Black Power in 1966 under Floyd McKissick.
Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide
Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide: academic, media, platform, and public debate over applying the term genocide to Israel's Gaza war since October 2023, including the IAGS 2025 resolution, ICJ proceedings, media framing studies, and content moderation controversies.
Czech National Revival
The Czech National Revival (Czech: národní obrození) was a cultural movement, roughly from the 1770s to the 1840s or 1850s, in which the modern Czech nation formed within the Habsburg monarchy.
Death of Hedviga Golik
Death of Hedviga Golik: Croatian nurse (born 1924, Rijeka) who died alone in her Zagreb attic apartment, found mummified on her bed in May 2008, 35–42 years later; cause undetermined, TV legend false.
Death of Jay Slater
Death of Jay Slater: 19-year-old apprentice bricklayer from Oswaldtwistle who vanished in Tenerife on 17 June 2024 after the NRG festival and was found dead in the Juan López ravine near Masca; a 2025 inquest ruled accidental fall.
Deaths of Divine Adili and Rene Baterbonia
Deaths of Divine Adili and Rene Baterbonia: June 8, 2026 drownings of two Ateneo Blue Eagles players, ages 21 and 18, at Dipaculao, Aurora, Philippines, followed by homicide complaints and viral misinformation.
Disappearance of Dennis Martin
Dennis Lloyd Martin, born 1962, vanished June 14, 1969 at Spence Field, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, during a hide-and-seek game; the largest search in park history found no trace, and the case remains an open NPS cold case.
Disappearance of Gus Lamont
August "Gus" Lamont, a 4-year-old Australian boy, vanished from Oak Park Station near Yunta, South Australia, on 27 September 2025. SAPOL's Task Force Horizon declared it a major crime in February 2026; a $1 million reward was posted in September 2026.
Dog meat consumption in South Korea
Dog meat consumption in South Korea (개식용), a centuries-old stamina food eaten as boshintang, becomes illegal to breed, slaughter, or sell under the 2024 Special Act effective 7 February 2027, with 82% of farms already closed.
Domestic worker
Domestic workers, also known as domestic staff, are people employed by households globally. The International Labour Organization defined the category in 2011, noting 52.6 million workers in 2010.
Dravidar Kazhagam (திராவிடர் கழகம்)
Dravidar Kazhagam (திராவிடர் கழகம், DK) is a Tamil Nadu social organization founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy in 1944 from the Justice Party and Self-Respect Movement; a non-electoral rationalist, anti-caste pressure group and parent of the DMK and AIADMK.
Dress code
Dress code: rules on clothing and appearance in schools and workplaces, from Tudor sumptuary laws and the 1222 cappa clausa to US Tinker ruling, EEOC religious accommodation, and French uniform trial results.
Edison Chen photo scandal
Edison Chen photo scandal (陳冠希裸照事件, Sexy Photos Gate), January 2008 Hong Kong privacy breach: intimate photos of actor Edison Chen with female celebrities leaked from his computer, triggering arrests, his showbiz exit, and privacy-law debates.
End SARS
#EndSARS is Nigeria's decentralized youth-led movement against police brutality, launched on social media in 2017 and peaking in October 2020 protests that forced the disbandment of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), followed by the Lekki toll gate shooting.
Environmental issues in India
Environmental issues in India: air pollution (1.7 million deaths in 2022 per The Lancet), water stress and pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss in the Western Ghats, Himalayan degradation, and extreme weather; governed by MoEFCC, CPCB, SPCBs, and EIA rules.
Environmental racism
Environmental racism: disproportionate exposure of racialized communities to pollution and hazards via siting, housing, and enforcement disparities. Key cases: Cancer Alley, Warren County, Aamjiwnaang; landmark 1987 UCC report; EO 12898.
Eugene Allen
Eugene Allen (1919–2010) was a White House butler and maître d' for 34 years, serving eight presidents from Truman to Reagan. His life inspired Lee Daniels' The Butler, whose Cecil Gaines family is largely fictional.
Female infanticide in China
Female infanticide in China: historical killing of infant girls driven by son preference, documented in Imperial China and reported in the 1980s under the one-child policy, now rare and largely replaced by sex-selective abortion and under-reporting.
Ferguson unrest
Ferguson unrest: protests and civil disturbances in Ferguson, Missouri, after police officer Darren Wilson shot Michael Brown on August 9, 2014; catalyst for Black Lives Matter and source of a 2015 DOJ pattern-or-practice report and 2016 consent decree.
Flint water crisis
Flint water crisis: 2014–2015 drinking water lead contamination in Flint, Michigan after the Flint River switch without corrosion control, exposing about 99,000 residents, prompting the $600 million state settlement, criminal cases, and lead pipe replacement.