146 articles
Freikörperkultur
Freikörperkultur (FKK), or free body culture, is the German movement and practice of nude bathing and recreation in nature, arising around 1900 with Lebensreform, mass-based in the GDR, and organized today by the DFK with declining membership.
Funeral director
Funeral director, also called mortician or undertaker, is a licensed professional who arranges funerals, handles body care and legal paperwork, and coordinates burial or cremation; US licensing requires education, internship, and exams, while UK regulation remains largely voluntary outside Scotland.
Gaza Solidarity Encampment (Columbia University)
The Gaza Solidarity Encampment was a pro-Palestinian student tent camp on Columbia University's South Lawn, April 17-30, 2024, organized by CUAD, SJP, and JVP to demand divestment, transparency, and amnesty; it sparked nationwide campus encampments and ended in NYPD clearances and over 100 arrests.
Gaza war protests at Columbia University
Gaza war protests at Columbia University: pro-Palestinian student campaign begun April 17, 2024 with the Gaza Solidarity Encampment (50 tents, CUAD), demanding ceasefire and divestment; NYPD clearances April 18 and April 30, Hamilton Hall occupation, and a national campus encampment movement.
George Floyd protests
George Floyd protests: 2020 nationwide and international demonstrations after George Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police on May 25, 2020; the largest protest movement in US history, with 15-26 million participants, about 94% nonviolent.
Global Slavery Index
Global Slavery Index (GSI), Walk Free's flagship report, estimates modern slavery prevalence, vulnerability, and government response for 160 countries; 2023 edition reports 50 million people in modern slavery in 2021, up 10 million since 2016.
H. Rap Brown
H. Rap Brown, also known as Hubert Gerold Brown, was an American civil rights and Black Power activist. He served as the fifth SNCC chairman and later converted to Islam.
Hawaiian Renaissance
The Hawaiian Renaissance was a cultural and political movement of the 1960s and 1970s in which Native Hawaiians renewed interest in their language, dance, and voyaging traditions.
High priest
High priest (Hebrew kohen ha-gadol): chief priest of a temple, especially the Jerusalem Temple. Aaronic-hereditary office; alone entered the Holy of Holies on Yom Kippur; gained civil power only with the Hasmoneans.
Homeless shelter
Homeless shelter: temporary facility for people who are homeless; also called emergency shelter. Distinguished by no lease requirement under 24 CFR 576.2; part of the Continuum of Care alongside transitional and permanent housing.
Homelessness
Homelessness: lacking a stable, adequate home, from rough sleeping to couch surfing; over 300 million affected worldwide (UN-Habitat). Key approaches include Housing First, pioneered by Sam Tsemberis in 1992, and Finland's national strategy that cut homelessness from 16,000 to about 4,000.
Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area
Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area: the nine-county region's unhoused population, among the largest in the United States. Third-largest PIT count in 2017 (28,200), 35,118 by 2020, only 33 percent sheltered, concentrated in Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Clara counties.
Homelessness in the United States
Homelessness in the United States: people lacking a fixed, adequate nighttime residence under 42 U.S.C. 11302. Key facts: McKinney-Vento Act of 1987, HUD Point-in-Time counts (745,652 in 2025), rent-driven causes, Housing First versus Treatment First policy debate.
How the Other Half Lives
How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York is Jacob Riis's 1890 Scribner's book documenting New York tenement poverty with flash photography; it founded American social documentary photography and prompted tenement reform.
Huey P. Newton
Huey P. Newton (Huey Percy Newton, 1942–1989) co-founded the Black Panther Party with Bobby Seale in Oakland in 1966, served as Minister of Defense, earned a UC Santa Cruz Ph.D., lived in Cuban exile, and was shot dead in Oakland in 1989.
Hunger
Hunger is lack of regular access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Measured by FAO's Prevalence of Undernourishment and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale in the annual SOFI report; SOFI 2026 found hunger at 7.8 percent of the world population.
I Have a Dream
"I Have a Dream," Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech of 28 August 1963 at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Lincoln Memorial; partly improvised refrain earlier used in Detroit; 2002 National Recording Registry.
Illegal immigration to India
Illegal immigration to India: foreign nationals entering without valid travel documents or overstaying visas. Governed by the Citizenship Act 1955 and Immigration and Foreigners Act 2025; enforcement concentrated in Assam, with about 1.9 million excluded from its NRC.
Internal resistance to apartheid
Internal resistance to apartheid: South African opposition inside the country, from the 1960 banning of the ANC and PAC, through Black Consciousness (SASO 1969), the 1976 Soweto Uprising, black trade unions, and the UDF (1983), to the states of emergency of 1985-1986.
International Dog Day
International Dog Day, also called National Dog Day or Dog Appreciation Day, is an August 26 observance founded in 2004 by Colleen Paige, marking the date her family adopted a Sheltie, that celebrates dogs and encourages shelter adoption, distinct from World Dog Day (May, Vanderpump Dog Foundation) and National Rescue Dog Day (May 20).
Isaac Woodard
Isaac Woodard Jr., African American WWII sergeant, beaten and blinded by Batesburg, South Carolina police chief Lynwood Shull on February 12, 1946, hours after discharge; acquittal by an all-white jury spurred Truman's civil rights committee and military desegregation.
Jack Whittaker (lottery winner)
Jack Whittaker (1947-2020), West Virginia construction contractor who won a $314.9 million Powerball jackpot on December 25, 2002, then the largest single-ticket US lottery jackpot; took a $113.4 million cash option, later faced thefts, lawsuits, and family deaths.
James F. Blake
James F. Blake (1913-2002) was the Montgomery, Alabama bus driver who ordered Rosa Parks to give up her seat on December 1, 1955, precipitating the 381-day Montgomery bus boycott and Browder v. Gayle.
James Meredith
James Howard Meredith, born in 1933, is an American civil rights activist who became the first African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi.
Jena Six
The Jena Six, also known as the Jena 6, were six African-American Louisiana high school students whose 2006 attempted-murder prosecution became a national racial justice flashpoint.
Joyce Vincent
Joyce Carol Vincent, English woman found dead in January 2006 in her Wood Green, north London bedsit, nearly three years after dying in early 2003; subject of Carol Morley's 2011 documentary Dreams of a Life.
Korean National Youth Corps
The Korean National Youth Corps (대한청년단), romanized Daehan Cheongnyeondan, was a right-wing anti-communist youth organization created by President Syngman Rhee in December 1948 and dissolved in 1953.
Korean nationalism
Korean nationalism (민족주의) is the modern ideology of constituting and mobilizing the Korean nation. Born in resistance to Japanese colonial rule and crystallized by the 1919 March First Movement, it took ethnic form and split into South Korean developmental nationalism and North Korean Juche after 1945.
Landless Workers' Movement
The Landless Workers' Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, MST), founded in Brazil in 1984, occupies idle farmland, camps, and settles families under the 1988 Constitution's social-function doctrine, with 350,000+ families settled.
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Letter from Birmingham Jail is Martin Luther King Jr.'s open letter of April 16, 1963, written in Birmingham City Jail responding to eight clergymen's "A Call for Unity," defending nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience of unjust laws.