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Tom Metzger
Tom Metzger (Thomas Linton Metzger, 1938-2020) was an American white supremacist, California KKK grand dragon, and founder of White Aryan Resistance, known for the cable show Race and Reason and the $12.5 million Seraw judgment.
Tomboy
Tomboy: a girl who behaves in conventionally masculine ways. Studied via the Tomboy Project (N=60, ages 4-9), masculinity-predicted adult traits, puberty decline, and partial overlap with lesbian identity.
Tone discrimination task
The tone discrimination task is an auditory perception test in which a listener judges whether two or more tones are the same or differ in pitch, measuring frequency discrimination.
Tone matching
Tone matching is an auditory perception task in which a listener judges whether two tones match in pitch, used to measure pitch discrimination and assess conditions like amusia.
Tongue map
Tongue map: the discredited schoolbook diagram assigning sweet to the tongue tip, bitter to the back, and salt and sour to the sides; receptors for all five tastes occur tongue-wide, with small real regional sensitivity differences.
Tongva
Tongva (Gabrielino), the Native people of the Los Angeles basin and its islands, missionized at San Gabriel from the 1770s; not federally recognized, five state-recognized groups, a dormant language under revitalization, and first land return in 2025.
Tongyangxi (童养媳)
Tongyangxi (童养媳, shim-pua, minor marriage) is the traditional Chinese practice of adopting a young girl to raise as a future wife for a son, widespread until the 1950 Marriage Law ban and still persisting in some rural areas.
Tony Robbins
Tony Robbins (born 1960), American motivational speaker and author of Unlimited Power and Awaken the Giant Within, known for Unleash the Power Within firewalk seminars, business coaching, Feeding America meal challenges, and contested scientific evidence for his methods.
Topfreedom
Topfreedom is the movement for women's right to go bare-chested in public where men may, also called topfree equality or Free the Nipple. Key facts: New York legalized it in 1992, Ontario in 1996, GoTopless founded 2007.
Tornedalians
Tornedalians are a Finnish-speaking national minority in Sweden and northwestern Finland living in the Torne River valley; their Meänkieli language and minority status were officially recognized in 1999.
Torodbe
The Torodbe were a West African Muslim clerisy, defined by vocation rather than ethnicity, from Futa Toro, whose jihads founded Bundu, Futa Jalon, and the Sokoto Caliphate.
Toronto Alexithymia Scale
The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire measuring alexithymia, difficulty identifying and describing feelings, published in 1994 and translated into about 35 languages.
Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) are standardized tests measuring creative thinking potential in children and adults, first published in 1966 and used in gifted identification.
Torres Strait Islanders
Torres Strait Islanders are the Melanesian Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands between Australia and Papua New Guinea, culturally distinct from Aboriginal Australians, speaking Meriam Mir, Kala Lagaw Ya and Yumplatok, annexed by Queensland in 1872 and 1879.
Totonac
The Totonac are an Indigenous people of Mexico's Gulf coast, living in Veracruz and Puebla, whose cities included El Tajín and Cempoala, and who allied with Cortés in 1519.
Toxic masculinity
Toxic masculinity, coined in the 1980s mythopoetic men's movement and later adopted by feminists, describes harmful masculine traits such as domination, misogyny, and violence; its definition, measurement, and usefulness remain academically contested.
Tradwife
Tradwife (traditional wife): women promoting traditional homemaker roles and submission to husbands via TikTok, Instagram, YouTube; anti-feminist ideology, 2020 popularization, monetized influencer content, criticized as far-right adjacent.
Trail making test
The trail making test is a timed paper-and-pencil neuropsychological test in which subjects connect numbered and lettered circles, the third most widely used test in neuropsychology.
Trainwreck: Balloon Boy
Trainwreck: Balloon Boy is a 2025 Netflix documentary directed by Gillian Pachter about the October 2009 Fort Collins incident in which Richard Heene reported son Falcon aboard a runaway homemade saucer balloon; authorities later called it a hoax.
Trait theory
Trait theory describes personality as stable, measurable dimensions. Pioneered by Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck; modern forms include the Big Five and HEXACO models, applied in clinical, educational, and personnel selection settings.
Tramp
A tramp is a homeless, jobless person who travels from place to place, usually begging or doing odd jobs; in American English it is also a slur for a woman.
Trance
Trance: an altered state of consciousness with reduced awareness, responsiveness, and voluntary power, also called hypnotic trance. Covers hypnotic induction, meditation, shamanic ritual trance, and laboratory-induced dissociation, with depth levels and induction methods.
Tranny
Tranny (trannie) is a slang slur for a transgender person, especially a trans woman, first recorded 1960-65; once a pride term in 1990s Australia, now listed as defamatory by GLAAD, with limited self-referential use.
Trans man
Trans man (FTM): a man assigned female at birth. Covers terminology, testosterone-based masculinizing therapy and its risks, US population share (730,500 adults), healthcare discrimination, pregnancy, and legal recognition.
Trans woman
A trans woman is a woman assigned male at birth; older terms transsexual woman and MTF. Covers terminology, WHO/DSM reclassification, gender-affirming care, HIV and health disparities, and legal recognition worldwide.
Trans-Saharan migration through Agadez
Trans-Saharan migration through Agadez is the movement of West and Central African migrants through Agadez, Niger, the principal transit hub on overland routes toward Libya and Algeria.
Transference
Transference (German Übertragung): Freud's psychoanalytic concept of displacing feelings and fantasies from past relationships onto the therapist; covers its history, 15 assessment instruments, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapy.
Transgender
Transgender people have a gender identity differing from their sex assigned at birth; the term is an adjective, including non-binary identities. Key facts: gender-affirming hormone therapy may improve quality of life and reduce depression and anxiety; legal gender recognition effects are uncertain; discrimination is pervasive.
Transgender flag
Transgender pride flag, Monica Helms 1999 design, five light blue, pink, and white stripes, debuted Phoenix Pride 2000, symmetrical layout, original at Smithsonian NMAH, public domain.
Transgender history
Transgender history studies gender-nonconforming people across cultures and eras, from Mesopotamia and Elagabalus to Hirschfeld's 1919 institute, Jorgensen's 1952 transition, Stonewall-era activism, and the academic field founded around 2002-2008.