6,078 articles
Iranian peoples
Iranian peoples: speakers of Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Baluchi and others) and, broadly, peoples of the Iranian plateau, from the first-millennium B.C.E. migration to today's Persians, Kurds, Azeri Turks, Lurs, Baluch, and Tajiks.
Iraqi Turkmen
Iraqi Turkmen (Irak Türkmenleri) are a Turkic-speaking minority in northern and central Iraq, the third-largest ethnic group after Arabs and Kurds, with an estimated 500,000 to 2.5 million people, split between Sunni and Shia, concentrated in Kirkuk, Tal Afar, Mosul, Salaheddin, and Diyala.
Irish Americans
Irish Americans are Americans of Irish birth or ancestry, a population of about 40 million shaped by the Great Famine migration of 1845 to 1852.
Irish Canadians
Irish Canadians, Canadians of Irish ethnic origin, numbered 4,413,120 in the 2021 census. Shaped by pre-famine Protestant settlement and the 1845-52 Great Famine migration, they became a principal English-speaking group in British North America.
Irish diaspora
The Irish diaspora: the global community of Irish emigrants and descendants, about 70 million people, shaped by centuries of emigration, the Great Famine of 1845-52, and modern Irish state diaspora policy.
Irish people
Irish people are an ethnic group native to the island of Ireland. Over four centuries, more than 9.8 million emigrated, creating a global diaspora of over 70 million people.
Irish Traveller Americans
Irish Traveller Americans, also called Mincéirí Americans, are members of the traditionally nomadic Irish Traveller minority living in the United States, largely descended from nineteenth-century emigrants.
Irish Travellers
Irish Travellers (Mincéirí, Pavees) are a traditionally nomadic indigenous ethnic minority in Ireland, recognised as an ethnic group in 2017; 32,949 counted in Census 2022, distinct from Roma, with own language (Gammon/Cant/Shelta) and severe documented inequality.
Iroij
Iroij (also spelled irooj) is the Marshallese term for the hereditary chiefs of the Marshall Islands, who held authority over land, people, and disputes in a matrilineal society.
Iroquois
The Iroquois, or Haudenosaunee Confederacy (People of the Longhouse), is a Native American confederation of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and, from 1722, Tuscarora nations, governed under the Great Law of Peace by a Grand Council of 50 sachems chosen by clan mothers.
Irreligion in India
Irreligion in India, also called atheism, rationalism, or nonreligion, spans the ancient Carvaka materialists to modern activist groups. Indians with no religion are a tiny minority, about 30,000 self-described atheists in the census, and atheism is not officially recognized.
Irreligion in the United States
Irreligion in the United States: religiously unaffiliated Americans ("nones"), atheists, agnostics, and "nothing in particular," about 29% of adults per Pew 2023-24, up from 16% in 2007, plateaued since 2020.
Irreversible Damage
Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters is Abigail Shrier's 2020 Regnery book arguing adolescent girls' trans identification reflects social contagion via rapid-onset gender dysphoria; a bestseller praised by The Economist and criticized by transgender health clinicians.
Isaac Woodard
Isaac Woodard Jr., African American WWII sergeant, beaten and blinded by Batesburg, South Carolina police chief Lynwood Shull on February 12, 1946, hours after discharge; acquittal by an all-white jury spurred Truman's civil rights committee and military desegregation.
Isaaq
Isaaq (Reer Sheekh Isaxaaq), a major Somali clan-family centered in Somaliland, claiming descent from Sheikh Isaaq ibn Ahmad al-Hashimi of Maydh; sub-clans include Habr Awal, Garhajis, Habr Yunis; victims of the 1980s Isaaq genocide; basis of Somaliland's 1991 independence declaration.
Isai Vellalar
Isai Vellalar (இசை வேளாளர்), formerly called Devadasi, is a Tamil Nadu caste of hereditary temple musicians and dancers, formed from Melakkarar, Nayanakkarar, and Nattuvanar castes; listed as a Backward Class.
Ishaan Tharoor
Ishaan Tharoor (born 1984, Singapore) is an American foreign-affairs journalist, son of Shashi Tharoor; longtime Washington Post Today's WorldView columnist, now New Yorker Global Notes writer and CFR Murrow Press Fellow.
Ishmaelites
Ishmaelites (Hebrew yishmeʿeʾlim): biblical nomadic tribes descended from Ishmael, son of Abraham and Hagar, later a collective label for Arabs and Muslims in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition; also called Hagarenes, distinct from Ismailis.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়)
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (Ishwar Chandra Bandopadhyay) was an Indian scholar, educator, and social reformer of nineteenth-century Bengal whose campaign produced the Hindu Widows' Re-marriage Act of 1856.
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or Bosnian Islam, is the Islamic tradition of the Bosniaks, established after the 1463 Ottoman conquest and institutionalized as the independent Islamic Community in 1882; it is frequently cited in the European Islam debate.
Islam in Kerala
Islam in Kerala centers on the Mappilas, Malayali Muslims of over eight million formed from 7th-century Arab trade, blending Arab-Islamic and South Indian traditions in Arabi-Malayalam, Shafi Sunni practice, education, and Malabar-centered politics.
Islamic feminism
Islamic feminism: feminist scholarship and activism grounding gender equality in the Qur'an and Islamic tradition; label current since the 1990s; key figures Wadud, Barlas, Mernissi, Hassan; distinct from Islamist feminism.
Islamic marital jurisprudence
Islamic marital jurisprudence (fiqh of nikāḥ): marriage as a contract (ʿaqd) with mahr, witnesses, and wali, governing talaq, khulʿ, and polygamy, now codified in modern Muslim personal status laws.
Islamic marital practices
Islamic marital practices center on the nikah marriage contract, defined by offer, acceptance, witnesses, and mahr, with stipulations permitted. State laws across Muslim-majority countries regulate polygyny, registration, divorce including khula, and ceremony customs such as the walima.
Islamophobia
Islamophobia: fear, prejudice, and hostility toward Islam and Muslims, treated by scholars as cultural racism. Term coined by Alain Quellien (1910), popularized by the 1997 Runnymede Trust report and post-9/11 discourse; no agreed definition, rising hate crime.
Islamophobic trope
Islamophobic tropes are recurring stereotypes casting Islam and Muslims as violent, alien, or oppressive, including the terrorist image, the downtrodden Muslim woman, and cultural incompatibility narratives; documented from medieval Europe through contemporary Western media and measured by indices of anti-Muslim prejudice.
Isolation tank
Isolation tank, also called flotation tank, float pod, or sensory deprivation tank: an enclosed lightproof, soundproof chamber of Epsom-salt-saturated body-temperature water used for flotation-REST, invented by John C. Lilly in 1954 and studied for pain, stress, and anxiety.
Israeli Jews
Israeli Jews: the Jewish majority of Israel's population, about 7 million people, formed by aliyah immigration waves and divided among secular, traditional, religious, and ultra-Orthodox streams and Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, and other ethnic groups.
Israelis
Israelis are the citizens and permanent residents of the State of Israel, a population of roughly 10.1 million people divided into Jews, Arabs, and others.
Italian Americans
Italian Americans, Americans of Italian ancestry, about 17 million people and the fifth largest US ancestry group; shaped by mass southern Italian immigration from the 1880s to 1924, return migration, Catholic institutions, and gradual assimilation.