6,078 articles
Instrumental learning task
An instrumental learning task is a behavioral paradigm in which performing a response produces an outcome, used to study instrumental conditioning and goal-directed versus habitual action.
Int j psychoanal
Int J Psychoanal is the NLM title abbreviation for The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, a bimonthly psychoanalytic journal founded in 1920 by Ernest Jones with Freud.
Integrated thematic learning
Integrated thematic learning is a pedagogical approach that organizes instruction across school subjects around one unifying theme, best formalized in the Integrated Thematic Instruction (ITI) model.
Intellectual
Intellectual: a person who works primarily with ideas and knowledge; related term intelligentsia (Russian educated class, in English from the 1920s). Sociology distinguishes class-in-themselves, class-bound (Gramsci's organic intellectual), and class-less (Mannheim) treatments, plus the public intellectual role.
Intellectual dark web
Intellectual dark web (IDW): loose network of heterodox pundits and academics named by Eric Weinstein and popularized by Bari Weiss's 2018 New York Times essay; members included Peterson, Harris, Shapiro, Rogan; known for anti-identity-politics, free-speech branding and later decline.
Intellectual giftedness
Intellectual giftedness, also called academic giftedness, is outstanding intellectual ability, usually in children and adolescents, defined in practice by IQ test scores such as 130 or the top 1% of peers.
Intelligence
Intelligence: the capacity to learn from experience, adapt, and reason; measured by IQ tests since Binet-Simon (1905); structured around Spearman's g and CHC theory, with Gardner's multiple intelligences and the Flynn effect as major debates.
Intelligentsia
Intelligentsia (intelligentsiia): a stratum of educated intellectual workers, a term from Russian usage carrying a critical, independent stance; distinct from mere credential-holding, central to Russian, Soviet, and sociological debates.
Intentional community
An intentional community, also called a communal or cooperative community, is a group that deliberately lives together to express shared values, in forms like ecovillages, cohousing, and kibbutzim.
Intercrural sex
Intercrural sex, also called interfemoral sex or thigh riding, is non-penetrative sex between the thighs. Article covers its definition, Kenneth Dover's ancient Greek scholarship and the revisionist critique, and survey prevalence data.
Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication: interaction in which cultural and linguistic differences are seen as relevant; also an interdisciplinary field covering nonverbal misunderstanding, cultural intelligence, training, healthcare, and AI tools.
Interfaith marriage
Interfaith marriage, also called religious intermarriage or mixed marriage, is marriage between partners of different religions; about 26% of U.S. marriages are interfaith, with Islamic and Catholic canon rules and legal restrictions in some countries.
Interfaith marriage in Christianity
Interfaith marriage in Christianity: marriage between Christians of different traditions or between a Christian and a non-Christian; governed by Catholic canon law (mixed marriage, disparity of cult), Orthodox Trullo canon 72, and rising U.S. intermarriage rates.
Interfaith marriage in Islam
Interfaith marriage in Islam covers marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims, governed by Quran 2:221, 5:5, and 60:10. Sunni law permits men to marry Jewish or Christian women but bars the reverse for women; Shia law is stricter, and Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei codify the rules differently.
Interfaith marriage in Judaism
Interfaith marriage in Judaism is marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew, forbidden under halakha but common among non-Orthodox American Jews. Key facts: 61% of recent U.S. Jewish marriages are interfaith, 2% among the Orthodox; Reform rabbis may officiate, Conservative rabbis are barred.
Interleaved practice
Interleaved practice is a learning strategy that mixes different problem types within a study session instead of practicing them in blocks, improving later test scores despite worse practice performance.
Internal displacement in Nigeria
Internal displacement in Nigeria, among the world's largest displacement crises, has uprooted about 3.7 million people, driven by the Boko Haram and ISWAP insurgencies, armed banditry, communal conflicts, and floods.
Internal displacement in Peru
Internal displacement in Peru is the forced movement of people within the country, caused mainly by the 1980–2000 armed conflict between the state and Shining Path.
Internal migration in Peru
Internal migration in Peru is the movement of Peruvians between the country's regions, above all the twentieth-century exodus from the Andean highlands to the coast, especially Lima.
Internal resistance to apartheid
Internal resistance to apartheid: South African opposition inside the country, from the 1960 banning of the ANC and PAC, through Black Consciousness (SASO 1969), the 1976 Soweto Uprising, black trade unions, and the UDF (1983), to the states of emergency of 1985-1986.
Internalized racism
Internalized racism, also called internalized racial oppression, is the internalized level of racism in which members of a racialized group absorb dominant-society racist ideologies about their own group; studied via scales like the IRRS and IRAAS and linked to worse mental and physical health.
Internally displaced person
An internally displaced person, or IDP, is a person forced to flee their home but who remains within their national borders. In 2025, 82.2 million people were in displacement.
International adoption of South Korean children
International adoption of South Korean children: roughly 200,000 children sent abroad since 1953, the world's largest intercountry adoptee diaspora. Also known as Korean overseas adoption or 해외입양. Marked by the 1961 orphan law, falsified records, a 2025 truth commission finding of state responsibility, and Hague Convention ratification effective October 1, 2025.
International Day of the Girl Child
International Day of the Girl Child is a UN observance on 11 October, created by Resolution 66/170 in 2011 and first held in 2012. Annual themes address girls' rights; the 2026 theme targets child marriage, which affects over 12 million girls yearly.
International Day of Yoga
International Day of Yoga, a UN observance on 21 June since 2015, established by resolution 69/131 after Narendra Modi's 2014 UNGA proposal; annual themes include Yoga for Healthy Ageing (2026).
International Dog Day
International Dog Day, also called National Dog Day or Dog Appreciation Day, is an August 26 observance founded in 2004 by Colleen Paige, marking the date her family adopted a Sheltie, that celebrates dogs and encourages shelter adoption, distinct from World Dog Day (May, Vanderpump Dog Foundation) and National Rescue Dog Day (May 20).
International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
The International Fellowship of Christians and Jews (IFCJ) is a Chicago-based nonprofit founded in 1983 by Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein that raises Christian donations for Jewish humanitarian aid.
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
ILGA World (International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association), founded 1978 in Coventry, is a federation of 2,000+ LGBTI organisations in 170+ countries with UN ECOSOC status; its ILGA-Europe branch publishes the Rainbow Map.
International Men's Day
International Men's Day, observed 19 November worldwide, founded 1999 by Jerome Teelucksingh in Trinidad and Tobago after Thomas Oaster's 1992 February version; Six Pillars, around 80 countries, not a UN observance.
International non-governmental organization
International non-governmental organization (INGO): cross-border nonprofit active in humanitarian, development, and rights work; term coined 1945; ECOSOC consultative status since 1946; distinct from local NGOs by transnational scope and donor funding.