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Chinese name
Chinese name: surname-first personal name in Chinese characters, typically surname + generation character + given name. Key facts: 5,652 historical surnames, top 100 cover ~86% of the population, generation names from clan verses, women keep surnames.
Chinese nationalism
Chinese nationalism defines and mobilizes the Chinese nation, distinguishing state-led CCP patriotism from popular sentiment; it arose after the 1840 Opium War, was revived by the post-Tiananmen patriotic education campaign, and now centers on Zhonghua Minzu under Xi Jinping.
Chinese nobility
Chinese nobility is the system of hereditary titles granted by Chinese rulers, always dependent on the emperor, and after the Song dynasty largely replaced by the civil service examinations.
Chinese numerals
Chinese numerals (汉字数字): the character-based decimal system using 一 through 九 with unit characters 十百千万亿, myriad (10,000) grouping, capital anti-fraud forms 壹贰叁, rod and Suzhou numeral relatives, and Sino-Xenic readings in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
Chinese numerology
Chinese numerology (数字命理) assigns auspicious or inauspicious meaning to numbers by homophony (8 lucky, 4 death-like) and by classical cosmological systems tied to the Yijing, yin-yang, and wuxing, shaping choices from phone numbers to loan amounts.
Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946
Chinese Nationalist occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945-1946 (Tonkin), under Potsdam surrender-zone rules north of the 16th parallel; 200,000+ troops under Lu Han; ended via the 28 February 1946 Sino-French treaty and 6 March Franco-Vietnamese accord.
Chinese oil-backed loans to Angola
Chinese oil-backed loans to Angola are credit lines extended by Chinese banks, principally the Export-Import Bank of China, which made Angola the largest African recipient of Chinese finance.
Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party
The Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (中国农工民主党) is one of eight legally recognized minor political parties in China, founded in Shanghai in 1930 by Deng Yanda.
Chinese people
Chinese people (Zhongguoren, Huaren, Hanren) are the people of China and of Chinese descent worldwide, classified by the state into 56 ethnic groups: the Han majority (91.11% in 2020) plus 55 minorities, with a diaspora across Southeast Asia and beyond.
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议)
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, 中国人民政治协商会议), China's top political advisory united-front body under CPC leadership; founded 1949, about 2,100 members, consults but cannot make laws.
Chinese Peruvians
Chinese Peruvians, or tusán (土生), are Peruvians of Chinese descent, begun by ~100,000 coolies arriving from 1849 under Ramón Castilla's Ley China; ended by 1874 treaty; legacy includes chifa cuisine, Lima's Barrio Chino, and roughly 5–8% of the population.
Chinese philosophers
Chinese philosophers: thinkers from Confucius, Mozi, Laozi, and Zhuangzi through Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming to modern figures like Hu Shi and Feng Youlan, spanning Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism, and Neo-Confucianism.
Chinese philosophy
Chinese philosophy (中国哲学): three-millennium tradition from Yin-Zhou yin-yang ideas through the Hundred Schools, Han classicism, Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism, to the modern discipline founded by Hu Shi and Feng Youlan.
Chinese pre-wedding customs
Chinese pre-wedding customs, from the classical Six Rites and Three Letters to modern guo da li betrothal, bride price (caili) negotiation, hair-combing (shang tou), and pre-wedding photography in China and the diaspora.
Chinese property law
Chinese property law governs ownership in the PRC: no private land ownership exists, land is state or collective owned, private parties hold land-use rights under the 2007 Property Rights Law, now in the 2021 Civil Code.
Chinese rebellion of 1741
The Chinese rebellion of 1741, known as Geger Pacinan, was a Chinese-Javanese uprising in Java against Dutch East India Company rule following the 1740 Batavia massacre.
Chinese Rites Controversy
The Chinese Rites Controversy (礼仪之争) was a Catholic dispute over whether Confucian rites to ancestors and Confucius were civil customs, ending Catholic toleration in Qing China.
Chinese room
The Chinese room is John Searle's 1980 thought experiment arguing that symbol manipulation alone cannot yield understanding, targeting strong AI and the Turing test; famous replies include the Systems, Robot, and Brain Simulator replies.
Chinese salvationist religions
Chinese salvationist religions, also known as redemptive societies or Chinese folk religious sects, are lay movements promising salvation through devotion to deities like the Eternal Mother.
Chinese shamanism
Chinese shamanism, also called Wuism, centers on ritual specialists called wu (巫) who contact deities and spirits through divination, healing, and spirit possession, from Shang oracle bones to living mediums.
Chinese Sign Language (中国手语)
Chinese Sign Language (中国手语, CSL), the natural sign language of about 20 million Deaf people in Mainland China; an independent language with north and south dialect groups, standardized nationally since 2018.
Chinese Silver Crisis of 1934-1935
The Chinese Silver Crisis of 1934-1935 (白银风潮) was a financial crisis in Republican China caused by rising world silver prices, ending in the 1935 fabi currency reform.
Chinese Singaporeans (新加坡华人)
Chinese Singaporeans (新加坡华人) are Singapore's majority ethnic group, 74.3% of residents at Census 2020, descended largely from migrants from Guangdong and Fujian, shaped by the 1979 Speak Mandarin Campaign and a distinct Peranakan subgroup.
Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国)
The Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国) was an unrecognized communist state proclaimed by the CCP in November 1931, with its capital at Ruijin, Jiangxi.
Chinese surname
Chinese surname (姓氏, xing/shi): the hereditary family name placed first in Chinese names, patrilineally inherited since pre-Qin xing and shi merged under the Han; top 100 surnames cover about 86% of the population, with Wang, Li, and Zhang the largest.
Chinese unification
Chinese unification (cross-strait reunification): proposed integration of Taiwan with the PRC under "one country, two systems". Distinguished by consistent Taiwan majority support for the status quo and broad rejection of Beijing's formula.
Chinese wall
Chinese wall, or information barrier/ethical wall: an arrangement in financial firms that withholds information between departments to prevent insider trading and conflicts of interest; mandated by US Exchange Act Section 15(g) and UK FCA SYSC 10.2, but criticized and empirically shown to leak information.
Chinese War in Java
The Chinese War in Java (Perang Jawi Tiongkok) was a 1740 to 1743 war in which Chinese and Javanese forces fought the Dutch East India Company.
Chinese water torture
Chinese water torture: a legendary method of dripping water on a restrained victim's forehead; not Chinese in origin, known mainly through Houdini's 1912 Water Torture Cell escape and the 1884 story The Compromiser.
Chinese YMCA
The Chinese YMCA (中华基督教青年会) is the national association of YMCAs in China, founded by American missionary initiative in the late Qing dynasty and still operating today.