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Collapse of the Rashtrakuta empire and Tailapa II's founding of the Western Chalukyas
In 973 CE, Tailapa II (ತೈಲಪ II), a Rashtrakuta feudatory, overthrew the last Rashtrakuta king, Karka II, at Manyakheta and founded the Western Chalukya dynasty.
Collapse of the Wari state
The collapse of the Wari state was the political breakdown of the first pan-Andean empire, based at Wari in Ayacucho, Peru, around 1000 to 1050 CE.
Collapse of the World Trade Center
Collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC 1, WTC 2, WTC 7): structural failures on September 11, 2001 after airliner impacts and fires; NIST found fire plus dislodged fireproofing, not impact alone, caused collapse, and issued 30 recommendations.
Collapse of Tiwanaku
The collapse of Tiwanaku (Colapso de Tiwanaku) was the breakup around AD 1000 of the Tiwanaku polity centered on the city of Tiwanaku in the Andean altiplano.
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Jared Diamond's 2005 Viking Penguin book (575 pages), examines Easter Island, the Maya, the Anasazi, and the Greenland Norse through a five-point framework of environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbors, lost trade partners, and societal responses; scholarly critiques led by Questioning Collapse challenge its determinism.
Collateral (finance)
Collateral is an asset, such as property, bonds, or equities, that a borrower pledges to secure a loan and that the lender can seize on default.
Collateral damage
Collateral damage, or incidental civilian harm in international humanitarian law, is unintended civilian death and destruction from attacks on military objectives, governed by distinction, proportionality, and precautions, and estimated before strikes using methods such as the US FAST-CD tool.
Collateralized debt obligation
A collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is an asset-backed security whose pool of bonds or loans is divided into prioritized tranches, with junior tranches absorbing losses first.
Collateralized mortgage obligation
A collateralized mortgage obligation, or CMO, is a multi-class debt instrument backed by mortgage securities, splitting cash flows into tranches with different payment priorities and risk profiles.
Collation
Collation determines the sorting order of character strings, varying by language and usage. The Unicode Collation Algorithm (UTS #10) with DUCET and CLDR tailoring via ICU provides multi-level, language-sensitive sorting and searching.
Colle Capital Partners
Colle Capital Partners is a New York-based venture capital firm founded by Victoria Grace that invests in early-stage technology companies, focusing on logistics, healthcare, and fintech.
Collected Annotations on the Classic of the Materia Medica
Collected Annotations on the Classic of the Materia Medica (本草經集註) is a Chinese pharmacological compendium compiled by Tao Hongjing during the Liang dynasty around 500.
Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified (Xiyuan jilu)
Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified (洗冤集录, Xiyuan jilu) is a 1247 Chinese handbook on forensic examination of corpses by Song Ci, the oldest surviving treatise on legal medicine.
Collected Explanations of the Zuo Tradition (Chunqiu Zuoshi jingzhuan jijie)
The Collected Explanations of the Zuo Tradition (Chunqiu Zuoshi jingzhuan jijie) is the earliest surviving commentary on the Zuo Tradition, written by Du Yu around 283 CE.
Collected Explanations on the Analects
Collected Explanations on the Analects (论语集解) is a commentary on the Analects compiled by five Cao Wei officials in the Zhengshi era, attributed to He Yan.
Collected Explanations on the Records of the Grand Historian
Collected Explanations on the Records of the Grand Historian (史记集解) is an 80-juan commentary on Sima Qian's Records by Pei Yin of the Liu Song dynasty.
Collected Statutes of the Great Ming
The Collected Statutes of the Great Ming (大明会典) is the official compilation of Ming dynasty regulations and precedents, completed in Hongzhi 15 and revised under the Wanli emperor.
Collected Statutes of the Great Qing
The Collected Statutes of the Great Qing (大清会典) was the Qing dynasty's official compilation of administrative institutions and regulations, revised five times between the Kangxi and Guangxu reigns.
Collected Works of Tao Yuanming
The Collected Works of Tao Yuanming is the surviving collection of the Eastern Jin poet Tao Qian (陶潜), known for the Return and his resignation from office.
Collected Works of the Huichang Reign
The Collected Works of the Huichang Reign (会昌一品集) is a Tang collection of papers by Li Deyu, chief minister to Emperor Wuzong during the Huichang era of 841 to 846.
Collective action
Collective action is group action toward a common goal, also called the collective action problem or free rider problem. Defined by Olson's 1965 Logic of Collective Action, studied via Ostrom's commons work, social movement theory, and psychology of protest participation.
Collective bargaining
Collective bargaining is the process in which an employer, or group of employers, negotiates with workers' organizations over wages and working conditions, often producing a binding collective agreement.
Collective consciousness
Collective consciousness (conscience collective) is Émile Durkheim's 1893 concept: the shared beliefs and sentiments of a society's average members, forming a system with its own life, basis of solidarity, distinct from Jung's collective unconscious.
Collective farm
A collective farm is an agricultural enterprise farmed jointly by member households, the defining case being the Soviet kolkhoz, a cooperative of peasants on state-owned land.
Collective farming
Collective farming, also called collectivization of agriculture, is the government-encouraged reorganization of farming on a communal basis, seen in the Soviet kolkhoz, the Chinese commune, and the Mexican ejido.
Collective Global
Collective Global is an American venture capital asset management firm based in Spring, Texas, launched in November 2023 with more than $1 billion in assets under management.
Collective Health
Collective Health is a San Francisco-based health-benefits technology company, founded in 2013 by Ali Diab and Rajaie Batniji, that acts as a third-party administrator for self-insured employers.
Collective intelligence
Collective intelligence (CI), or wisdom of crowds, is group knowledge emerging from collaboration and aggregation of many individuals' judgments. Key conditions: diversity, independence, decentralization, aggregation; measured as a general group factor; fails via groupthink and herding.
Collective noun
Collective noun (group word, noun of multitude): a noun like team, flock, committee, or herd denoting a group treated as a unit or as individuals; singular verb in US English, either in British English; police always plural.
Collective punishment
Collective punishment: penalizing a group for acts of one or a few members. Prohibited under Geneva Conventions IV Article 33 and III Article 87, customary IHL; a war crime outside the Rome Statute; no human rights treaty ban.