127,669 articles
Commonwealth (U.S. state)
Commonwealth (U.S. state): official self-designation of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, from English political language meaning the common good; it carries no legal distinction from any other U.S. state.
Commonwealth Bank
Commonwealth Bank of Australia, trading as CommBank, is Australia's largest bank by assets and profit, founded as a government bank in 1912 and fully privatized by 1996.
Commonwealth citizen
Commonwealth citizen: a legal status under the British Nationality Act 1981, formerly British subject under the 1948 Act. Qualifying Commonwealth citizens resident in the UK can vote in all UK elections, a franchise now facing repeal amendments.
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), the Commonwealth's biennial leaders' summit first held in Singapore in 1971; 27th meeting in Apia, Samoa 2024; next in Antigua and Barbuda 2026.
Commonwealth of England
Commonwealth of England: the republic of 1649–1660 after Charles I's execution, ruled by the Rump Parliament then the Cromwellian Protectorate, ending with Charles II's Restoration in May 1660.
Commonwealth of Independent States (Содружество Независимых Государств)
The Commonwealth of Independent States (Содружество Независимых Государств, CIS) is a post-Soviet regional organization founded 8 December 1991 by Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, joined by 11 states at Alma-Ata on 21 December 1991; its charter denies supranational authority, and analysts widely rate its integration record a failure.
Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth of Nations: a voluntary association of 56 independent countries, mostly former British Empire territories, home to 2.7 billion people. Formed in modern shape by the 1949 London Declaration; led by a Secretary-General, chaired by rotating CHOGM hosts.
Commonwealth of the Philippines
The Commonwealth of the Philippines, also called the Philippine Commonwealth or Komonwelt ng Pilipinas, was the transitional government from 1935 to 1946 that prepared the islands for independence from the United States.
Commonwealth realm
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state that recognizes the British monarch, currently King Charles III, as its head of state; there are 14 besides the UK.
Communal Award and Poona Pact
The Communal Award and Poona Pact were linked 1932 settlements on Depressed Classes representation: Gandhi's fast against separate electorates led to the Pact's 148 reserved seats.
Communal work
Communal work, or a work "bee" (raising bee, quilting bee), is joint unpaid labor by neighbors for one member's benefit, recorded since a 1769 Boston Gazette usage, with parallels in Finnish working bees and Sudanese El-Nafir.
Communalism in Mauritius
Communalism in Mauritius is the organization of political and social life around caste, class, language, and religious allegiances, embedded in a constitution requiring candidates to declare one of four communities.
Commune of Trogir
The Commune of Trogir was the self-governing medieval commune of the Dalmatian city of Trogir, which received its privileges from King Coloman in 1107 and accepted Venetian rule in 1420.
Communication
Communication: transmission of meaning between senders and receivers through encoded messages, channels, noise, decoding, and feedback. Covers process models, signs versus symbols, interpersonal and group communication, theory history, and communication research themes.
Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales
The Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS) are standardized instruments measuring early social, speech, and symbolic communication in infants and toddlers, identifying children at risk for communication impairment.
Communication during the September 11 attacks
Communication during the September 11 attacks covers 911, radio, and phone systems on 9/11: overwhelmed 911 dispatch, unreadable FDNY radio traffic, no unified command, and the later FirstNet reforms.
Communication studies
Communication studies, also called communication sciences or communication research, is the academic field studying how people create, share, and interpret meaning through language, nonverbal cues, and media.
Communication theory
Communication theory: frameworks describing how messages are sent, interpreted, and answered. Covers Shannon-Weaver's 1948 linear model, Berlo's 1960 SMCR, and the interactional and transactional models with feedback and simultaneous exchange.
Communications and Cybersecurity Troops (Війська зв'язку та кібербезпеки)
The Communications and Cybersecurity Troops (Війська зв'язку та кібербезпеки) are a separate branch of Ukraine's Armed Forces that operates military communications, command, and alerting systems and defends against cyber aggression.
Communications Decency Act
Communications Decency Act (CDA), Title V of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, US law regulating online indecency; its censorship provisions were struck down in Reno v. ACLU (1997), while Section 230 survives as platform liability immunity.
Communications law
Communications law governs telecommunications and broadcasting regulation, centered in the US on the Communications Act of 1934 and the FCC's "public interest, convenience and necessity" broadcast licensing standard.
Communicative language teaching
Communicative language teaching (CLT) is a second and foreign language teaching approach, rooted in Hymes's 1972 concept of communicative competence and developed in the 1970s, that makes real meaningful communication, learner-centered lessons, and authentic materials the basis of instruction, and whose main offshoot is task-based language teaching.
Communion of saints
The communion of saints is the Christian doctrine, confessed in the Apostles' Creed, that the faithful on earth, in purgatory, and in heaven share spiritual goods.
Communism
Communism, also called Marxist-Leninist communism, is an ideology from Karl Marx and Engels aiming at a classless, stateless society via proletarian revolution; first realized in the 1917 Soviet state, collapsed in Europe, persists in China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam.
Communism in India
Communism in India: the Marxist movement from the 1920 Tashkent and 1925 Kanpur party foundations through the 1964 CPI-CPI(M) split, Naxalbari Maoism, Left Front rule in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura, and the post-2026 absence of Left-led state governments.
Communism in Korea
Communism in Korea is the history of communist movements on the peninsula, shaped under Japanese rule, divided at the 38th parallel in 1945, and split by war.
Communism in Vietnam
Communism in Vietnam: rule by the Communist Party of Vietnam (Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), founded 1930, in power since 1945 in the north and nationwide since 1976; one-party socialist republic with Đổi Mới market reforms since 1986.
Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines
Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines: the CPP-NPA protracted people's war, begun in 1968 and the world's longest-running Maoist insurgency, alongside earlier Huk rebellion; peace talks, counterinsurgency under EO 70, and current status.
Communist Control Act of 1954
The Communist Control Act of 1954 (P.L. 637, 68 Stat. 775) outlawed the Communist Party USA, stripped it of legal rights, and subjected members to Internal Security Act penalties; never repealed, never directly ruled on by the Supreme Court.
Communist insurgency in Sarawak
Sarawak Communist Insurgency (1962-1990): armed conflict in Sarawak, Borneo, between the Sarawak Communist Organisation/CCO and NKCP guerrillas (PGRS, PARAKU) and British then Malaysian forces, sparked by the 1962 Brunei Revolt, fought through Konfrontasi, and ended by the 1973 Sri Aman Treaty and the 17 October 1990 NKCP peace agreement.