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Common Equity Tier 1
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) is the highest-quality regulatory bank capital, made up of common shares and retained earnings, and the first layer to absorb losses.
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are religiously neutral labels replacing AD and BC for the same Gregorian year count, with no year zero, first used in English in 1708.
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR, Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues) is the Council of Europe's 2001 guideline defining six language proficiency levels A1–C2, updated by the 2020 Companion Volume.
Common Fund for Commodities
The Common Fund for Commodities is an intergovernmental financial institution financing commodity development projects in developing countries, created by a 1980 treaty and headquartered in Amsterdam since 1989.
Common good
The common good (bonum commune) is a political philosophy concept: facilities and interests community members are relationally obligated to care for, distinct from economic public goods, spanning Aristotle, Aquinas, Rawls, and communitarian thought.
Common intention constructive trust
A common intention constructive trust is a trust of land arising by operation of law to enforce a shared, unrecorded intention about beneficial ownership, backed by detrimental reliance.
Common land
Common land is land owned by someone else over which commoners hold rights of use such as pasturage, turbary, or pannage. Covers ~572,000 hectares in England and Wales, governed by the Commons Act 2006, shaped by enclosure, and central to Hardin-Ostrom commons theory.
Common law
Common law (English common law) is the uncodified legal tradition based on binding judicial precedent, originating in post-1066 England and spreading through former British colonies, distinguished from codified civil law systems.
Common Law Admission Test
Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), India's national law entrance exam run by the Consortium of National Law Universities for 5-year LL.B. and LL.M. admission at participating NLUs; NLU Delhi alone uses AILET; 120-question, 2-hour offline paper with 0.25 negative marking.
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a regional economic community of 21 African states, headquartered in Lusaka, Zambia, operating a free trade area since 2000.
Common Monetary Area
The Common Monetary Area (CMA) is a monetary arrangement linking South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, and Eswatini, with their currencies pegged at parity to the rand.
Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领) was adopted in 1949 and served as the People's Republic of China's provisional constitution until 1954.
Common Romanian
Common Romanian (româna comună, Proto-Romanian) is the reconstructed Vulgar Latin-derived ancestor of Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, unattested in writing, with dialectal separation dated around the 10th–11th centuries.
Common Rule
The Common Rule is the United States federal regulation setting ethical standards and informed consent requirements for research involving human subjects, first adopted in 1991.
Common scold
Common scold (communis rixatrix): an English common law nuisance offence against habitual scolding women, punished by the cucking or ducking stool; abolished in England and Wales in 1967 but prosecuted in the US until 1972.
Common Security and Defence Policy
The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), part of the EU's CFSP under Articles 42-46 TEU, enables EU civilian and military crisis-management missions; established by the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, it runs 21 ongoing missions with about 4,000 deployed staff.
Common sense
Common sense (Latin: sensus communis) has two meanings: Aristotle's higher-order faculty that unites the five senses, and the everyday judgment without reflection shared by an entire people.
Common Sense
Common Sense, the 47-page anonymous pamphlet by Thomas Paine printed by Robert Bell in Philadelphia on January 10, 1776, argued for American independence from Britain and became the most widely read pamphlet of the American Revolution.
Common Sense Media
Common Sense Media: American 501(c)(3) nonprofit founded 2003 publishing age-based media ratings, the Common Sense Census research, privacy program, and digital citizenship curricula for families and schools.
Common stock
Common stock, also called ordinary shares, is a class of stock representing equity ownership in a corporation, whose holders typically vote to elect directors and hold a residual claim.
Common Travel Area
The Common Travel Area (CTA) is the UK–Ireland–Crown Dependencies open-travel zone dating from 1923, granting British and Irish citizens passport-free movement, residence, work, healthcare, and voting rights, independent of the EU and preserved after Brexit.
Common University Entrance Test
Common University Entrance Test (CUET), also CUET-UG/CUET-PG, is India's NTA-conducted standardized entrance exam, run since 2022-23 under NEP 2020 for Central University and participating university admissions in 13 languages.
Common Wealth Party
Common Wealth: British socialist party founded July 1942 from the 1941 Committee and Forward March; won the Eddisbury, Skipton, and Chelmsford by-elections against the wartime electoral truce, kept only Chelmsford in 1945, and dissolved into Labour.
Common-law marriage
Common-law marriage, or informal marriage, is a valid marriage formed without a license or ceremony by mutual consent, cohabitation, and holding out as married; only about nine U.S. states and D.C. allow new ones, and all states recognize those validly formed elsewhere.
Common-size financial statement
A common-size financial statement, also called vertical analysis, restates every line item as a percentage of a base amount so companies of different sizes can be compared.
Commonly misspelled English words
Commonly misspelled English words such as accommodate, definitely, misspell, and vacuum; driven by double letters, vowel clusters, and silent letters; tracked by Cambridge, Merriam-Webster, and search-frequency databases.
Commonplace book
A commonplace book is a notebook of quotations and passages copied under topic headings for later retrieval. Known as loci communes practice from antiquity, it was central to Renaissance humanist education (Erasmus, Melanchthon, Vives), used by lawyers and writers including Montaigne and Coleridge.
Commons
Commons are shared resources, from medieval pastures to forests, fisheries, urban spaces, and open data, governed by user communities through institutional arrangements; Elinor Ostrom's eight design principles and 2009 Nobel Prize anchor the field.
Commonwealth
Commonwealth: a political community founded for the common good; also the Commonwealth of Nations, a 56-member association of former British Empire territories with 2.7 billion people, and Hobbes's term for the covenant-created state.
Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)
Commonwealth (U.S. insular area): an organized U.S. insular area with a highly developed federal relationship, usually by written agreement. Current commonwealths are Puerto Rico (1952) and the Northern Mariana Islands (1976); the Philippines held the status 1934 to 1946.