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Commerce raiding
Commerce raiding (guerre de course, German Handelskrieg) is naval warfare against enemy merchant shipping rather than warships or blockades. Historically waged by privateers until the 1856 Declaration of Paris; notable campaigns include Confederate raiders and German U-boats.
Commerce Ventures
Commerce Ventures is a San Francisco venture capital firm founded in 2013 by Dan Rosen, investing in early-stage retail, payments, banking, and insurance technology companies.
CommerceIQ
CommerceIQ, formerly Boomerang Commerce, is a retail e-commerce management software company founded by Guru Hariharan in 2012 that automates sales, advertising, and supply-chain decisions for brands selling on Amazon and other retailers.
Commercial bank
A commercial bank is a chartered financial institution that accepts insured deposits, makes loans, and provides payment services, earning chiefly the spread between loan and deposit rates.
Commercial law
Commercial law governs business and commercial transactions, from the medieval lex mercatoria to national codes like the French Code de Commerce and the US Uniform Commercial Code, and international harmonization by UNCITRAL and UNIDROIT.
Commercial paper
Commercial paper is short-term, unsecured debt in the form of a promissory note, issued by corporations and financial institutions at a discount to fund payroll, inventory, and accounts payable.
Commercial Press
The Commercial Press (商务印书馆) is a Chinese publishing house founded in Shanghai in 1897 by four former printers, which at its peak supplied about 80% of China's textbooks.
Commercialization
Commercialization is the process of developing products, technologies, or services and producing and delivering them for sale to commercial or government markets, by the developer or others.
Commerzbank
Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft is a German bank focused on the Mittelstand and private customers, with €554.6bn in assets and a 12.1% German state stake at the end of 2024.
Commie corridor
Commie Corridor: informal name for the North Brooklyn-Western Queens belt of young, renting, democratic-socialist voters; coined by Michael Lange, boosted by Zohran Mamdani's 2025 primary win.
Commissar (комисса́р)
Commissar (комиссар): Soviet title for government heads (People's Commissars, 1917–1946) and for Red Army political officers who counter-signed commanders' orders, imposed 1918, 1937, and 1941, and abolished October 9, 1942 in favor of unity of command.
Commissariat
Commissariat: the army department supplying food and forage (not ammunition). Covers the British Treasury-run Commissariat and its Crimean failure, the US Commissary Department merged into the Quartermaster Corps in 1912, France's SCA, and Soviet voenkomaty.
Commissariat général du Plan
The Commissariat général du Plan was the French government office created in 1946 under Jean Monnet that coordinated France's postwar indicative economic planning until 2006.
Commission (document)
Commission (document): a formal instrument attesting appointment to office or rank, from Latin commissio. Covers U.S. presidential commissions for civilian and military officers, sealing rules under 5 U.S.C. 2902, and the historic purchase of commissions.
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources) is the Hobart-based commission, established 1982 under the Canberra Convention, managing Southern Ocean toothfish, icefish, and krill fisheries by consensus among 27 Members.
Commission of National Education
The Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) was a Polish-Lithuanian state body created in 1773 to run the schools left by the suppressed Jesuits, regarded as Europe's first ministry of education.
Commission on Church Lands (1762–1764)
The Commission on Church Lands (Комиссия о церковных имениях) was a Russian government commission created by Catherine II in 1762 to prepare the secularization of monastic and church estates.
Commission on Elections (Philippines)
Commission on Elections (Komisyon sa Halalan, COMELEC), the Philippines' independent constitutional election body created in 1940; enforces election laws, runs automated elections, accredits observers, chaired by George Erwin M. Garcia.
Commissioner
Commissioner: a statutory or constitutional official holding delegated authority, serving on regulatory and public-service commissions (Civil Service, Public Appointments, ASIC), as agency chief executives, as US federal judicial officers (abolished 1968), and as new English mayoral commissioners under the 2026 devolution act.
Commissioner for Northern Trade (Beiyang Dachen)
The Commissioner for Northern Trade (Beiyang Dachen) was a late Qing office managing foreign trade and diplomacy from Tianjin, long held by Li Hongzhang and declining after 1895.
Commissioner for Southern Trade (Nanyang Dachen)
The Commissioner for Southern Trade (南洋通商大臣) was a Qing dynasty office managing trade at the five treaty ports, created in 1866 and held by the Liangjiang Governor-General.
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis: head of London's Metropolitan Police, created by the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act under Robert Peel. Appointed by the Home Secretary after consulting the Mayor, accountable to MOPAC, the Home Secretary and the Mayor; current holder Sir Mark Rowley (2022).
Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs (Shumi shi)
The Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs (枢密使) was the highest military-administrative office of the Five Dynasties and a central office of state under the Song.
Commissioner of the Hyderabad City Police
Commissioner of the Hyderabad City Police (Kotwal-e-Balda) heads the Hyderabad City Police Commissionerate in Telangana, established 1847 under the Nizams, governed by the Hyderabad City Police Act 1348F; current incumbent V.C. Sajjanar, IPS.
Commissions of inquiry in Canada
A commission of inquiry in Canada is an ad hoc body created by government under the Inquiries Act to investigate public concerns, with findings not legally binding.
Committee
Committee (parliamentary committee): small member groups of a legislature that scrutinize bills, oversee government spending and departments, and run inquiries; found in Westminster, presidential, and other systems worldwide.
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
The Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo, also known as the Kosovo National Protection Committee (KNPC), was an Albanian political organization founded in Shkodër in 1918.
Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence
The Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (조선건국준비위원회), abbreviated Geonjun, was Korea's first nation-building preparatory body, founded by Yeo Un-hyeong at liberation in August 1945.
Committee of 300
Committee of 300, also called the Olympians: a conspiracy theory of a secret 300-member elite council founded in 1727, popularized by John Coleman's 1991 book Conspirators' Hierarchy; no credible evidence supports its existence.
Committee of Five
The Committee of Five was a committee of the Second Continental Congress, appointed June 11, 1776, to draft the Declaration of Independence, written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson.