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Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), India's RTE Act 2009-mandated school assessment scheme replacing high-stakes exams with frequent formative and summative evaluation, introduced by CBSE in 2009 and discontinued in 2017 after a Haryana RCT found no significant learning gains.
Continuous and progressive aspects
Continuous and progressive aspects: grammatical categories presenting situations as ongoing or unfinished; English be + -ing. Covers Comrie's taxonomy, stative verb restrictions, and the progressive's grammaticalization history.
Continuous auditing
Continuous auditing is an accounting method that uses automated procedures to test an organization's transactions and controls in real time, rather than during a periodic audit.
Continuous performance task
The continuous performance task (CPT) is a neuropsychological test in which a respondent watches a stream of stimuli and responds to targets, used mainly in ADHD assessment.
Continuous theta burst stimulation
Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol delivering rapid three-pulse bursts that transiently suppress cortical excitability, first reported in the human motor cortex in 2005.
Continuously compounded return
The continuously compounded return, also called the log return, is the natural logarithm of one plus a simple return, additive across time and common in option pricing.
Contra account
A contra account is a general ledger account whose balance runs opposite to its paired account, letting financial statements show both gross figures and net amounts.
Contra War
The Contra War (Guerra de la Contra) was the 1981–1990 armed conflict in Nicaragua between the Sandinista government and US-backed Contras, ending with Violeta Chamorro's 1990 election victory.
Contract
Contract (law): a legally enforceable agreement creating mutual obligations. Key names: assumpsit, stipulatio, pacta sunt servanda, UNIDROIT Principles. Defined by offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, legality; developed from Roman and English common law roots.
Contract asset
A contract asset is an accounting right to payment for goods already delivered to a customer, conditional on something other than time, such as future performance.
Contract for difference
A contract for difference (CFD) is a cash-settled derivative in which parties exchange an asset's price change without ever owning the asset, widely offered in the EU, UK, and Australia.
Contract killing
Contract killing, also called murder for hire or Auftragsmord, is a murder committed under a paid contract; descriptive term, not a distinct offence, with documented prices, hit rates, and organized-crime roles.
Contract labour in São Tomé and Príncipe
Contract labour in São Tomé and Príncipe was a system of indentured plantation labor, mostly from Angola, lasting from the 1870s to the late 1950s.
Contract research organization
Contract research organization (CRO), also called clinical research organization: a company hired to design, manage, monitor, and analyze clinical trials for pharma and biotech sponsors. Grew from $1B revenue in 1992 to $41B in 2016; heavily consolidated around IQVIA, ICON, and Thermo Fisher.
Contract Sejm
The Contract Sejm (Sejm kontraktowy) is the Polish parliament of 1989–1991, elected in the first partially free postwar elections, which oversaw the transition from communist rule.
Contract with America
Contract with America: 1994 Republican campaign document drafted by Newt Gingrich and Dick Armey, signed by 367 House candidates, pledging House reforms and ten bills within 100 days; enabled the GOP's first House majority in 40 years.
Contraction (grammar)
Contraction (grammar): a shortened word or word group formed by omitting sounds or letters, marked with an apostrophe (don't, they'll). Also called clitic forms; distinct from wanna-type to-contraction and from abbreviations like Dr.
Contractionary fiscal policy
Contractionary fiscal policy is a cut in government spending, a rise in tax revenue, or both, undertaken to slow economic activity, typically reducing GDP by about 0.5 percent per 1 percent of GDP consolidated.
Contractionary monetary policy
Contractionary monetary policy is central bank action that reduces inflation by decreasing demand for goods and services, typically by raising short-term interest rates and tightening the supply of money and credit.
Contradiction
Contradiction: the conjunction of a statement and its negation (A and not-A). Central to Aristotle's law of non-contradiction and classical logic's explosion principle (ECQ), and to paraconsistent logics that reject explosion.
Contras
The Contras, or Nicaraguan contras, were US-financed, US-trained armed groups that fought Nicaragua's Sandinista government from 1980 to 1990; their largest faction, the FDN, operated from Honduras.
Contrastive analysis
Contrastive analysis is a method in applied linguistics that systematically compares two or more languages to identify differences, originally to make foreign-language teaching more efficient.
Contribution analysis
Contribution analysis is a theory-based evaluation method for assessing whether a program contributed to observed outcomes when full experimental attribution is impractical, developed by John Mayne.
Contribution margin
Contribution margin, also called contribution per unit, is the amount by which a product's selling price exceeds its variable cost per unit, the basis of break-even analysis.
Contributory negligence
Contributory negligence is the common law tort rule barring any plaintiff recovery when the plaintiff's own negligence contributed at all to the injury, now retained only in Alabama, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., with comparative negligence elsewhere.
Control (management)
Control in management is the management function that sets standards, measures actual performance against them, and corrects deviations; it is the fourth facet of the P-O-L-C framework.
Control (psychology)
Control (psychology): perceived or actual capacity to influence events and one's behavior, also called perceived control, locus of control, mastery, or agency; spans Rotter's locus of control, learned helplessness, and control theory.
Control Faction
The Control Faction (統制派, Tōseiha) was an Imperial Japanese Army faction, founded by staff officers at Baden-Baden in 1921, that sought to mobilize Japan for total war through legal means and dominated the Army after 1936.
Control freak
Control freak: informal term for a person with an obsessive need to control people and situations; coined around 1969-1970, not a clinical diagnosis, closest counterpart OCPD; linked to intolerance of uncertainty and workplace micromanagement.
Control premium
A control premium is the additional consideration an investor pays over a company's publicly traded share price to acquire a controlling interest, typically around 30% in US deals.