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Consumer debt
Consumer debt is credit extended to individuals for personal, household, and family expenditures, distinct from business or government debt, including credit cards, auto loans, and student loans.
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB): US federal agency created by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, conceived by Elizabeth Warren. Enforces 18 consumer financial laws, handles complaints, funded by the Federal Reserve; its director is removable at will after Seila Law (2020).
Consumer price index
The consumer price index (CPI) is a statistical measure of the average change in prices paid by urban consumers, used as an inflation indicator and for indexation.
Consumer protection
Consumer protection: laws, regulation, and institutions ensuring fair treatment, accurate information, product safety, and redress for buyers. Covers ancient origins, the 20th-century consumer movement, the EU's five consumer rights, India's 2019 Act, US agencies, and OECD financial consumer protection standards.
Consumer Protection Act, 1986
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (Act 68 of 1986) was India's law creating consumer councils and three-tier District Forum, State Commission and National Commission redressal; amended in 1991, 1993 and 2002; repealed by the 2019 Act from 20 July 2020.
Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2019)
Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम, 2019) is India's consumer law replacing the 1986 Act; enacted 9 August 2019, it created the CCPA, added product liability and e-commerce coverage, revised commission jurisdiction, and enabled mediation.
Consumer Reports
Consumer Reports (CR), founded 1936 as Consumers Union, is a Yonkers, New York nonprofit that tests products at retail, accepts no ads, and publishes ratings and advocacy on safety, privacy, and financial fairness.
Consumer sovereignty
Consumer sovereignty is the economic idea that consumer spending directs what is produced in a market economy, a term coined by economist W. H. Hutt in 1936.
Consumerism
Consumerism, also known as mass consumption or consumer culture, is the organization of economic life around the mass purchase of goods and services, also naming a pro-consumption ideology or the consumer-protection movement.
Consummation
Consummation, in law, the completion of a thing; in marriage, the first act of sexual intercourse after the ceremony. Consent, not intercourse, makes a marriage; non-consummation can ground annulment in many jurisdictions.
Consumption (economics)
Consumption, also called economic consumption, is household spending on goods and services to satisfy needs and wants; in the United States it accounts for about two-thirds of final spending.
Consumption function
The consumption function is the macroeconomic relationship between aggregate consumer spending and disposable income, usually written C = a + bY, where b is the marginal propensity to consume.
Consumption smoothing
Consumption smoothing is the economic idea that households keep spending roughly stable over time rather than tracking income, saving in good periods and borrowing in bad ones.
Consumption tax
A consumption tax is a tax on spending on goods and services rather than on income, most commonly a value-added tax used in over 170 countries.
Conta Black
Conta Black is a Brazilian fintech founded in 2017 by Fernanda Ribeiro and Sérgio All in São Paulo, offering accounts, cards, and credit mainly to Black and peripheral Brazilians.
Contabilizei
Contabilizei is a Brazilian online accounting firm founded in 2013 in Curitiba by Vitor Torres, serving over 100,000 small businesses and describing itself as Brazil's largest accounting company.
Contactless payment
A contactless payment, also called tap-to-pay, is a payment made by tapping an NFC card, phone, or wearable against a reader, completing in under six seconds.
Containment
Containment: US Cold War strategy (1947-1989) of blocking Soviet expansion, formulated by George F. Kennan in the Long Telegram and 1947 X article, later revived against Putin's Russia.
Contango
Contango is the condition of a futures market in which prices for later delivery months are progressively higher, so futures trade at a premium to spot; the opposite is backwardation.
Contemporary Amperex Technology
Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL) is a Chinese manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and energy storage, founded in 2011 and headquartered in Ningde, Fujian.
Contemporary history
Contemporary history: academic study of the recent past within living memory; Rothfels 1953 definition, Barraclough 1966; oral history, digital selectivity, web archives, and the 20th-century digitization gap distinguish it from other history fields.
Contemporary hit radio
Contemporary hit radio (CHR), also called Top 40, is a radio format playing current best-selling hits on playlists of 20-40 songs, targeting 18-34 listeners; renamed from Top 40 in 1980 via Mike Joseph and Radio & Records.
Contemporary philosophy
Contemporary philosophy: Western philosophy since the late 19th century, defined by the analytic-continental divide, a third pragmatist tradition, and growing engagement with artificial intelligence.
Contemporary Sant Mat movements
Contemporary Sant Mat movements are religious groups descending from the Radhasoami Satsang, founded in Agra in 1861, that teach meditation on inner sound and light.
Contempt
Contempt: a negative emotion of looking down on a person or group judged inferior, marked by distancing and derogation. Key facts: unilateral lip-curl expression, contested universality, Gottman's strongest divorce predictor, distinct from anger and disgust.
Contempt of Congress
Contempt of Congress is willful defiance of a congressional subpoena or action, a misdemeanor under 2 U.S.C. § 192 carrying fines and up to 12 months' imprisonment, enforced through DOJ referrals, civil suits, or inherent contempt.
Contempt of court
Contempt of court is the legal doctrine punishing conduct that interferes with justice or defies court orders, in criminal and civil forms; England and Wales caps criminal contempt at two years' imprisonment and a £2,500 fine.
Content analysis
Content analysis: a systematic research method for classifying recorded communication (texts, speeches, media) into categories via coding, in quantitative and qualitative forms, used across social sciences.
Content and language integrated learning
Content and language integrated learning (CLIL) is a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language is used to teach both school subjects and that language.
Content externalism
Content externalism, also known as externalism about mental content, is the view in philosophy of mind that what a person thinks depends partly on their environment.