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Croat–Bosniak War
Croat–Bosniak War: 1992-1994 conflict between the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) and the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Bosnian War; ended with the Muslim-Croat Federation; ICTY convicted Bosnian Croat commanders such as Blaškić and Kordić.
Croatan
Croatan (Croatoan): Carolina Algonquian people of Hatteras Island, their principal town whose name was carved at the abandoned Roanoke colony in 1590, and the 1885–1953 designation of today's Lumbee Tribe.
Croatia in personal union with Hungary
Croatia in personal union with Hungary (1102–1527): the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary shared King Koloman and his successors while keeping separate Sabor, ban, and laws; disputed Pacta conventa; ended at the 1527 Cetin Sabor.
Croatia–Serbia border dispute
Croatia–Serbia border dispute: unresolved Danube frontier disagreement since Yugoslavia's 1991 breakup. Croatia claims 1877–91 Austro-Hungarian cadastral limits (115 km² on the left bank); Serbia claims the river's Thalweg along the 137 km stretch.
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, HAZU) is Croatia's national academy of sciences and arts, founded in Zagreb in 1866.
Croatian Army
The Croatian Army (Hrvatska kopnena vojska, HV) is the land branch of the Croatian Armed Forces, tracing its origin to the National Guard formed in 1991.
Croatian Democratic Union
Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, HDZ): centre-right Christian democratic and conservative Croatian party founded in 1989 by Franjo Tuđman, member of the European People's Party, based in Zagreb, led since 2016 by Andrej Plenković.
Croatian dinar
The Croatian dinar (hrvatski dinar) was a temporary currency issued by Croatia's Ministry of Finance, circulated from December 1991 to May 1994, when 1,000 dinars became 1 kuna.
Croatian kuna
The Croatian kuna (Hrvatska kuna) was the currency of Croatia from 1994 until 2023, when it was replaced by the euro at 7.53450 kuna per euro.
Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski jezik) is the official language of Croatia and an EU official language, with Čakavian, Kajkavian, and Štokavian dialects and Glagolitic, bosančica, and Latin scripts, regulated by the 2024 Act on the Croatian Language.
Croatian National Bank
The Croatian National Bank (Hrvatska narodna banka, CNB) is the central bank of Croatia, a Eurosystem member since 2023 that issues euro cash and supervises Croatian banks.
Croatian national movement
The Croatian national movement was the 1830s–1848 political and cultural campaign of Croats in the Habsburg Monarchy for unity, autonomy from Hungary, and the Croatian language.
Croatian Peasant Party
The Croatian Peasant Party, or HSS, is a Croatian political party founded in 1904 by the brothers Stjepan and Antun Radić, the first mass party in Croatia.
Croatian Radiotelevision
Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT, Hrvatska radiotelevizija) is Croatia's public broadcaster, descended from Radio Zagreb (1926) and Televizija Zagreb (1956), renamed HRT in 1990, an EBU member since 1993, funded by a household licence fee.
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (Hrvatska Republika Herceg-Bosna), self-proclaimed Croat wartime entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, founded 18 November 1991 in Grude, made a republic 28 August 1993, never recognized, dissolved by the 1994 Washington Agreement.
Croatian Spring
The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće, also MASPOK) was a 1967–1971 national and reform movement in socialist Yugoslavia's Croatia, seeking autonomy and equality, suppressed by Tito in December 1971.
Croatian War of Independence
Croatian War of Independence (Homeland War), 1991–1995 conflict after Croatia's split from Yugoslavia; Serb rebels and the JNA seized about a third of Croatia, Vukovar fell after an 87-day siege, and Operation Storm in 1995 ended the war.
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 regulated relations between the Kingdom of Hungary and the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, recognizing Croatia as an associated party with full internal autonomy until the union ended in 1918.
Croats
Croats (Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group and the majority nation of Croatia, where they made up 91.63% of the population in 2021, with large communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad.
Crocodile tears
Crocodile tears: an idiom for insincere weeping, from the old belief that crocodiles weep while eating prey; first used figuratively by Edmund Grindal in 1563, also a facial-paralysis tearing condition.
Crocus City Hall attack
Crocus City Hall attack, also called the Krasnogorsk concert hall massacre: March 22, 2024 ISIS-K shooting and arson at a Picnik concert near Moscow, killing 149; four Tajik gunmen sentenced to life in 2026.
Croeseid
A Croeseid is a pure gold or silver coin struck at Sardis under King Croesus of Lydia in the mid-sixth century BCE, bearing a lion and bull.
Croesus
Croesus (Kroisos), last king of Lydia ca. 560-546 BCE, son of Alyattes, famed for wealth and first gold-silver coinage; defeated by Cyrus the Great, Sardis fell 547/546, fate disputed.
Croesus hoard
The Croesus hoard, or Karun Treasure, is a set of 363 Lydian artifacts looted from tumuli in Uşak, Turkey, and repatriated from the Met in 1993.
Croesus' siege of Ephesus
Croesus' siege of Ephesus was the capture of the Ionian Greek city of Ephesus by the Lydian king Croesus, traditionally around 560 BC, his first attack on a Greek city.
Croft (land)
Croft: a small agricultural landholding in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland under crofting tenure, created by the 1886 Crofters Holdings Act; over 20,000 crofts regulated by the Crofting Commission with residency, cultivation, and maintenance duties.
Crofting
Crofting is a Scottish system of small-scale land tenure giving crofters security of tenure and other rights, concentrated in the Highlands and Islands and governed since 1886.
Croix de Guerre
Croix de guerre, French gallantry decoration created by the law of 8 April 1915 to materialize citations (mentions in dispatches); ribbon stars and palms mark citation level; later TOE, 1939-1945, and Valeur militaire crosses share the system.
Croix-de-Feu
Croix-de-Feu: French right-wing veterans' league founded November 1927 by Maurice Hanot (d'Hartoy), led by Colonel de La Rocque, involved in the 6 February 1934 riot, dissolved 18 June 1936, succeeded by the million-member Parti Social Français.
Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653): Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army's campaign for the English Commonwealth against Confederate and Royalist forces, marked by Drogheda and Wexford, roughly 20 percent mortality, and the confiscation of most Catholic-owned land.