All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of agriculture in the United States
History of agriculture in the United States: from Indigenous farming by 5000 B.C. and colonial tobacco through USDA, land-grant colleges, the New Deal, and a productivity revolution that cut farms from 6.8 million (1935) to 1.88 million (2024).
History of airport identifier systems
The history of airport identifier systems traces how airport codes evolved from 1930s airline-chosen abbreviations and weather-service city codes into the parallel ICAO and IATA schemes in use today.
History of Alabama
History of Alabama: over 10,000 years of Indigenous habitation, French colonial Mobile (1711), Mississippi Territory (1798), statehood December 14, 1819 as the 22nd state, cotton slavery, 1861 secession, the 1901 constitution, and the civil rights movement.
History of Alaska
History of Alaska: 15,000 years of Indigenous settlement, Russian America from Bering's 1741 voyage and the Russian-American Company, the 1867 $7.2 million purchase, gold rushes, WWII Aleutian fighting, and 1959 statehood.
History of Albania
History of Albania: the Albanian people from ancient Balkan settlement (Arbanon, c. AD 1100) through Ottoman rule, independence at Vlora in 1912, King Zog, Enver Hoxha's Stalinist dictatorship with 173,000 bunkers, the 1997 pyramid-scheme collapse, and post-1991 democracy and NATO/EU integration.
History of alcoholic drinks
History of alcoholic drinks: fermentation from Jiahu ca. 7000 BCE, ancient beer and wine, medieval distillation and monastic viticulture, industrialization, temperance and Prohibition, and modern regulation.
History of algebra
The history of algebra traces techniques for finding unknown quantities, from Babylonian tablets around 1800 BC through al-Khwarizmi, who gave the subject its name, to the abstract structures of the twentieth century.
History of Algeria
History of Algeria: from Numidia and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers through French colonization (1830–1962), the FLN war of independence, Boumediene's one-party state, the 1990s civil war, and the 2019 Hirak.
History of amateur baseball in the United States
The history of amateur baseball in the United States traces unpaid play since the 1850s, from middle-class social clubs through company and municipal leagues to today's college game.
History of Amazon
The history of Amazon traces the company Jeff Bezos founded in 1994 as an online bookstore, through the dot-com crash to $716.9 billion in 2025 sales.
History of American football
American football's history traces its evolution from a soccer-like game played in 1869 and Yale rule codification to its 1932 demonstration at the Los Angeles Games.
History of American newspapers
The history of American newspapers spans from Publick Occurrences in Boston in 1690, through the penny press of the 1830s and the objective commercial press, to a sharp decline since 2005.
History of anarchism
History of anarchism: political tradition skeptical of state authority, from Godwin's 1793 Enquiry and Proudhon's mutualism through Bakunin, Kropotkin, and Spanish anarcho-syndicalism's 1936-1939 apogee to contemporary movements.
History of Andhra Pradesh
History of Andhra Pradesh: the Telugu region's past from Satavahanas and Ikshvakus through Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara, Qutb Shahis, and Nizams to the 1953 Andhra state, the 1956 merger, and the 2014 bifurcation with new capital Amaravati.
History of Andorra
History of Andorra: the Pyrenean co-principality's political past, from the 843 Carolingian grant and the 1278 and 1288 paréages creating shared sovereignty between the bishop of Urgell and the counts of Foix, through the French crown's succession in 1589 and 1607, to the 1993 Constitution and EU association agreement.
History of Anglo-Saxon England
Anglo-Saxon England, also called Viking Age England, covers English history from the first settlements around 450 to the Norman Conquest of 1066, including Viking settlement and unification.
History of Angola
History of Angola: from pre-colonial kingdoms of Kongo and Ndongo, Portuguese colonization from 1575 and the Atlantic slave trade, to independence on 11 November 1975, the 1975–2002 civil war, and post-war reconstruction.
History of animation
History of animation: from pre-cinema optical toys (thaumatrope, phenakistoscope, zoetrope) and Reynaud's 1892 Pantomimes lumineuses through silent-era pioneers, cel studio era, national traditions, television, and CGI features like Toy Story (1995).
History of anime
The history of anime, also called anime history, traces Japanese commercial animation from 1917 through milestones like Astro Boy (1963) and Spirited Away to a record ¥3.84 trillion market in 2024.
History of Antarctica
History of Antarctica: from the Greek Terra Australis hypothesis and Cook's 1773 crossing of the Antarctic Circle to the 1820 sightings by Bellingshausen and Bransfield, the Heroic Age, the 1908 British claim, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty.
History of antisemitism
History of antisemitism covers prejudice against Jews from ancient Egyptian-era polemics and Christian anti-Judaism, through medieval expulsions, blood libel, and the 1879 racial turn, to the Nazi Holocaust and contemporary forms such as conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.
History of Apple Inc.
The history of Apple Inc., also known as History of Apple Computer, traces the company from its 1976 founding by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak to the iPhone era.
History of apportionment methods
The history of apportionment methods traces US House seat-allocation rules from the 1792 Hamilton-Jefferson dispute and Washington's first veto to the Alabama paradox and Hill's 1941 method.
History of Arabic Literature
The history of Arabic literature spans pre-Islamic poetry to modern prose, traditionally divided into eras tied to political events such as the Umayyad and Abbasid.
History of archaeology
History of archaeology: development from antiquarianism and pothunting into a professional discipline, covering the three-age system, Boas, radiocarbon dating, processual and post-processual archaeology, and repatriation ethics.
History of archery
History of archery: the bow's origins (Sibudu ~61.7 kya, Holmegaard), composite and longbow warfare, firearm displacement, and modern sport from FITA 1931 to LA28 compound debut.
History of architecture
The history of architecture, also called architectural history, is the study of how buildings were designed and built across time, from Vitruvius to Gothic, Baroque, and modern styles.
History of Arda
History of Arda: the internal chronology of Tolkien's legendarium world Arda (the whole world, part of Eä; Middle-earth is only its North-west), from the Ainulindalë through the Years of the Trees and the First to Third Ages, reconstructed from The Silmarillion and the History of Middle-earth.
History of Argentina
History of Argentina: from Spanish colonization and the 1776 Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, through the 1810 May Revolution and 1816 independence, Unitarian-Federalist conflict, mass immigration, Peronism, and the 1976-83 dictatorship to democracy since 1983.
History of Armenia
History of Armenia, or Hayasdan: the record of the Armenian Highlands from the Behistun mention of Armina (c. 520 BCE) through Christianization, Bagratid Ani, Cilicia, Ottoman-Persian and Russian rule, the 1915 genocide, and independence in 1991.