All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of beer
History of beer: the brewing of fermented grain beverages from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, through medieval hops, 1500s lagering, industrialization, to today's multinational and craft markets.
History of Belgium
History of Belgium (Belgische geschiedenis, histoire de la Belgique) from 1830 independence: revolution against William I, 1831 constitution, Leopold I and II, Congo colony, world wars, royal question, and federalization through six state reforms.
History of Bengal
History of Bengal: the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta region (Bangladesh and West Bengal), from Vanga and Mauryan rule through Pala, Sena, Sultanate, Mughal, and British eras to 1947 partition and Bangladesh, 1971.
History of Berlin
History of Berlin: from the 1183 founding as twin merchant towns Berlin and Cölln on the Spree, through Prussian royal residence, 1871 imperial capital, Nazi era, 1961-1989 division by the Berlin Wall, to reunified German capital after the 1991 Bundestag vote.
History of Bihar
History of Bihar, ancient Magadha: birthplace of Buddhism and Jainism, seat of the Mauryan and Gupta empires, home of Nalanda university; separated from Bengal in 1912, Jharkhand split off in 2000.
History of biochemistry
History of biochemistry: from Lavoisier's respiration studies and the Pasteur–Liebig vitalism dispute, through Buchner's 1897 zymase and cell-free fermentation, to 20th-century vitamins, coenzymes, the genetic code, molecular biology, and systems-level metabolomics.
History of biology
History of biology: the development of the life sciences from ancient natural history through microscopy, cell theory, Darwinian evolution, genetics, molecular biology, and modern biotechnology, including the 1943 fluctuation test and 1990s genetic engineering.
History of biophysical instrumentation
The history of biophysical instrumentation traces devices that measure living systems, from the 1590s compound microscope and Galvani's 1780s frog experiments to single-molecule microscopes and commercial biosensors.
History of biotechnology
History of biotechnology: humanity's use of living organisms for products, from Sumerian beer (6000 BC) and 1917 naming of the term to 1982 recombinant insulin, 1983 transgenic petunia, 1990 chymosin, and CRISPR gene editing.
History of birth control
History of birth control, also called history of contraception: from Egyptian papyrus suppositories and silphium to condoms, the 1960 pill, IUDs, and sterilization; covers Comstock laws, Sanger and Stopes, fertility decline, and modern debates.
History of bitcoin
The history of bitcoin covers the digital currency proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, from the 2009 launch through the Mt. Gox collapse to 2024 ETF approval.
History of black hole physics
The history of black hole physics traces the idea from Newtonian dark stars proposed in the 1780s, through Schwarzschild's 1916 exact solution, to the era of gravitational-wave detections.
History of BMW
History of BMW covers the Munich company founded in 1916, from aircraft engines and the 1923 R 32 motorcycle to the 1961 Neue Klasse and today's electric iX3.
History of BMW motorcycles
The history of BMW motorcycles began in 1923 with the R 32, whose boxer engine with shaft drive has defined the marque for a century.
History of books
The history of books spans five millennia of written texts, from Mesopotamian clay tablets and papyrus scrolls to the codex, Gutenberg's printing, and today's e-books.
History of Boston
History of Boston: four centuries from the 1630 Shawmut settlement through Revolution, immigration, industrial decline, busing, and today's tech and life sciences hub of about 48 square miles and under 700,000 people.
History of Bougainville
History of Bougainville: settlement for at least 29,000 years, German then Australian rule, the Panguna mine conflict of 1988-1998, the 2001 Peace Agreement, autonomy from 2005, and the 2019 referendum where 97.7 percent voted for independence, now before PNG's Parliament.
History of bras
History of bras: the brassiere's development from Greek mastodeton and Roman strophium, medieval Lengberg Castle finds, corset-era breast supporters, Cadolle's 1889 design, Crosby's 1914 patent, and 1930s cup sizes.
History of Brazil
History of Brazil: Portuguese colonization from Cabral's 1500 landing, the 1808 court transfer, the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889), abolition in 1888, and the Republic from 1889 to today.
History of bread
History of bread: baked cereal staple from flour, water, and leaven. Oldest evidence is 14,400-year-old flatbread from Shubayqa 1, Jordan; leavened loaves first in ancient Egypt; baker's yeast under 150 years old.
History of bridges
The history of bridges tracks how bridge building advanced from timber and stone to iron, steel, and reinforced concrete, from simple felled trees to long suspension spans.
History of British newspapers
The history of British newspapers runs from the Corante of 1621, the first British newspaper, through the first daily of 1702 and the mass press to modern tabloid culture.
History of broadcasting in Canada
History of broadcasting in Canada: private radio 1918-1932, the CRBC (1932) and CBC (1936), television (1952), the CRTC (1967-68), Indigenous broadcasting policy, and the Online Streaming Act with 2024-2026 CRTC streamer contribution rules.
History of Broadway theatre
Broadway is professional commercial theater in Manhattan, distinguished by a minimum capacity of 500, reaching a peak production in the 1920s after consolidating its district around Times Square.
History of Buddhism
The history of Buddhism traces the religion founded in northern India in the fifth century BCE, its spread across Asia under patrons like Ashoka, and its decline in India.
History of Buddhism in India
Buddhism in India arose in the northeast, flourished under the Maurya and Kushan empires, collapsed by the late twelfth century, and revived in the twentieth.
History of Bulgaria
History of Bulgaria: from the 681 founding by Khan Asparuh through the First and Second Empires, the Cyrillic alphabet's Preslav origin, Ottoman rule 1396–1878, the Third State, the People's Republic, and EU accession on 1 January 2007.
History of Burger King
History of Burger King: the American fast-food hamburger chain founded as Insta-Burger King in Jacksonville in 1953, reestablished in Miami in 1954 by McLamore and Edgerton, owner of the Whopper, and passed through Pillsbury, Diageo, 3G Capital, and Restaurant Brands International.
History of Burgundy
History of Burgundy: the east-central French region from the early Burgundian kingdom, the divided duchy and county, the Valois dukes' composite state, French annexation (1477 duchy, 1678 Franche-Comté), to the 2016 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté merger.
History of calculus
The history of calculus, also called the history of infinitesimal calculus, follows how differentiation and integration developed from Archimedes and 14th-century Kerala to independent invention by Newton and Leibniz and 19th-century rigor on limits.