All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of Nickelodeon
History of Nickelodeon, also known as Nick, the American children's cable network launched nationally April 1, 1979 from the 1977 Pinwheel channel on QUBE in Columbus, Ohio; covers its Nicktoons era, 17-year ratings reign, and decline under Paramount Skydance.
History of Niger
History of Niger: the Saharan-Sahelian country's past from a greener Sahara and Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states, through French colonization from 1890, independence on 3 August 1960, Kountché's 1974 coup, and the 2023 Tiani junta aligned with Russia.
History of Nigeria
History of Nigeria: the territory's past from Palaeolithic settlement and pre-colonial states (Nok, Kanem-Borno, Sokoto Caliphate, Benin, Oyo) through British rule from 1861, the 1914 amalgamation, independence in 1960, and the 1967–1970 Biafra civil war.
History of Nintendo
The history of Nintendo traces the company from its 1889 founding as a Kyoto maker of hanafuda playing cards through toys and arcade games to video game giant.
History of Nokia
The history of Nokia traces the Finnish company from an 1865 wood-pulp mill to the world's largest mobile phone maker and its 2013 handset sale to Microsoft.
History of non-associative algebra
The history of non-associative algebra traces algebraic systems where multiplication need not associate, beginning with Hamilton's 1843 quaternions and Graves's octonions and maturing through Hurwitz's 1898 theorem and Zel'manov's 1983 classification.
History of North America
History of North America: peopling after 16,000 years ago via multiple possible routes, Indigenous dominance past the American Revolution, nearly two centuries of colonization, and the historiographic shift from Atlantic to continental frames.
History of North Korea
History of North Korea: the DPRK (조선민주주의인민공화국), founded 1948 under Soviet occupation; Kim Il-sung's purges and Juche, the 1950-53 war, hereditary Kim rule, famine, nuclear tests, and the 2024 Russia pact.
History of North Macedonia
History of North Macedonia: from ancient Paeonia and medieval Slavic states, Ottoman rule 1371–1912, the 1913 partition, Yugoslav republichood from 1944, independence in 1991, and the Prespa Agreement renaming the country in 2019.
History of Northern Ireland
History of Northern Ireland: partition of Ireland in 1921, Stormont one-party unionist rule, the Troubles from 5 October 1968, the 1998 Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement, and the Windsor Framework after Brexit.
History of Norway
History of Norway (Norges historie): from post-glacial settlement after 9000 BC through the Viking Age rikssamling, Danish union 1380–1814, the Eidsvold constitution of 1814, Swedish union to 1905, and independence under Haakon VII.
History of nuclear weapons
The history of nuclear weapons covers the Manhattan Project's first atomic bombs in 1945, their use on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Cold War arms race, and arms control.
History of nudity
History of nudity: how societies treated the unclothed body. Covers Greek athletic nudity (after late 8th century BC), Roman modesty, Jewish ʿervā and Islamic ʿawra, the nude in Western art, and 20th-century naturism.
History of Oceania
History of Oceania: human past of the Pacific islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Covers Sahul settlement over 50,000 years ago, the Lapita expansion into Remote Oceania from about 1200 BCE, Polynesian star navigation, and decolonization after World War II.
History of Odisha
History of Odisha, anciently Kalinga, Utkala, Odra and Kosala: eastern Indian state whose story runs from prehistoric river-valley sites through Ashoka's 261 BC Kalinga War, Kharavela, the Eastern Gangas and Konark, to the 1936 province.
History of Old Georgian Literature
History of Old Georgian Literature (Georgian: ძველი ქართული ლიტერატურის ისტორია) is the scholarly history of Georgian writing from the 5th to the 18th centuries, and Korneli Kekelidze's foundational work on it.
History of Oman
History of Oman: from Bronze Age Magan, a copper source for Mesopotamia, through Portuguese occupation (1508-1650), the Zanzibar-based Al Bu Said empire, and Sultan Qaboos's 1970-2020 transformation, to Sultan Haitham and Vision 2040.
History of onychophoran classification
The history of onychophoran classification traces velvet worms from a misidentified mollusk in 1826 to a phylum now treated as the sister group of arthropods.
History of operating systems
The history of operating systems, also called the history of computer operating systems, runs from the first system, built by General Motors for the IBM 704 in 1956, through time sharing, UNIX, personal computers, and Linux.
History of optics
The history of optics traces the science of light from Greek and Ptolemaic ray theories, through Ibn al-Haytham's experiments, to the wave theory, Maxwell, and the laser.
History of oyster generic nomenclature
The history of oyster generic nomenclature covers two centuries of naming true oyster genera, beginning with Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 and running through Crassostrea, Saccostrea, and Dendostrea.
History of painting
History of painting: pigment applied to supports from 100,000 B.C. African rock art and cave painting through history painting's academic dominance to modern abstraction, global Indigenous traditions, quantitative style analysis, and conservation science.
History of Pakistan
History of Pakistan: from the Indus Valley civilization and Islamic empires through British rule, the 1947 partition, the 1958 coup, the 1971 loss of East Pakistan (Bangladesh), and recurring military rule, 33 of 77 years, to the 2025 constitutional amendment expanding army chief powers.
History of Pakistan (1947–present)
History of Pakistan since 1947: independence and partition, the 1956, 1962, and 1973 constitutions, military rule under Ayub, Yahya, Zia, and Musharraf, the 1971 secession of Bangladesh, and democratic transitions since 2008.
History of Palestine
History of Palestine: Ottoman rule, British Mandate from 1922, UN partition 1947, 1948 war and Nakba, 1967 occupation of West Bank and Gaza, intifadas, Oslo, and international recognition of a Palestinian state.
History of Panama
History of Panama: independence from Spain in 1821 and union with Gran Colombia; 1903 U.S.-backed separation, Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, canal built 1904-1914; 1964 flag riots; Torrijos-Carter Treaties 1977; 1989 U.S. invasion; full canal sovereignty since 1999.
History of paper
The history of paper, also called kaghaz, covers paper's invention in Han China, credited to Cai Lun in 105 CE, and its spread through the Islamic world to Europe.
History of Papua New Guinea
History of Papua New Guinea: 50,000 years of settlement, independent highlands agriculture, British, German, and Australian colonial rule of Papua and New Guinea, World War II, and independence in 1975.
History of Paraguay
History of Paraguay: Guaraní-Spanish society, Jesuit reducciones (150,000 people, 30 missions), Triple Alliance and Chaco wars, Stroessner's 1954–1989 dictatorship, Colorado Party dominance, 1992 constitution, and the 2012 Lugo impeachment.
History of Paris
The history of Paris traces the French capital from Gallic and Roman Lutetia on the Seine through the medieval town, Baron Haussmann's nineteenth-century rebuilding, and the Paris Commune.