All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of quantum mechanics
The history of quantum mechanics, or history of quantum physics, traces the theory describing matter and light at atomic scales from Planck's 1900 quanta to 1928.
History of quaternions
The history of quaternions begins with William Rowan Hamilton's 1843 discovery of a four-dimensional number system whose multiplication does not commute, carved into a Dublin bridge.
History of radar
The history of radar traces the technique of detecting objects by radio echoes from Hertz's experiments and Hülsmeyer's 1904 Telemobiloskop through Britain's Chain Home network and the cavity magnetron to weather and satellite radar.
History of radio
The history of radio covers wireless communication from Maxwell's 1865 prediction of radio waves, through Marconi's first transatlantic signal in 1901, to broadcasting, FM, and digital radio.
History of rail transport
The history of rail transport, also called the history of trains, runs from wooden wagonways of the early 1600s through steam locomotion to electrified high-speed rail.
History of rail transport in India
The history of rail transport in India began with the first passenger train, from Bombay to Thane in 1853, and continues under the unified Indian Railways formed after 1947.
History of Rajasthan
History of Rajasthan, formerly Rajputana: 5,000 years from ancient republics and Pratihara rule (750–1000 AD) through Rajput clans, the Mughal alliance under Akbar, Maratha incursions, and the seven-stage 1948–1956 integration into the modern Indian state.
History of rape
History of rape: how law and society defined nonconsensual sex from Roman status-based offenses and medieval canon law through Hale's marital exemption, Brownmiller's 1975 reframing, ICTY/ICC wartime prosecutions, and modern consent-based reforms.
History of real and complex numbers
The history of real and complex numbers traces how complex numbers were used centuries before their definition, while real numbers got rigorous foundations only in the 1800s.
History of religion
The history of religion, also called religious history, is the comparative study of religious beliefs and practices from prehistory to the present, treated as human phenomena.
History of religion in the United States
The history of religion in the United States runs from colonial established churches through the 1786 Virginia disestablishment, the First Amendment of 1791, repeated revivals, and a shrinking Christian majority alongside a growing unaffiliated population.
History of robots
The history of robots traces programmable machines from Hero of Alexandria's automata through the word robot, coined from Czech robota for Čapek's 1920 play R.U.R., to modern rovers.
History of rockets
The history of rockets spans nine centuries, from accidental Chinese gunpowder fireworks through Tipu Sultan's iron-cased rockets in 1780s India to Goddard's first liquid-fueled flight in 1926.
History of Romania
History of Romania: from the Dacian kingdom and Roman Dacia (106 AD, ~170 years) through Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, the 1859 union, Greater Romania (1918), Ceaușescu's national communism, and the 1989 revolution.
History of Romanian Literature
The history of Romanian literature spans Romanian-language writing from the 1521 letter of Neacșu to the present, fixed as a field by George Călinescu's landmark 1941 synthesis.
History of Rome
History of Rome: the city's twelve-century course from traditional founding in 753 BC through monarchy, Republic (509 BC), and Empire (27 BC) to the western empire's end in 476 AD, plus the historiography of decline.
History of rugby league
The history of rugby league, also called rugby league football, began with the 1895 split of 22 northern English clubs from the Rugby Football Union over payments to players.
History of rugby union
History of rugby union: from the 1823 William Webb Ellis legend at Rugby School, the 1845 first laws and 1871 RFU founding, through the 1895 split creating rugby league, to the 26 August 1995 Paris decision ending amateurism.
History of Russia
History of Russia: the state's development from Kievan Rus' (founded 862) through Mongol rule, Muscovite centralization, the Romanov Empire, the Soviet Union (1922–1991), and post-Soviet Russia.
History of Russia (1894–1917)
History of Russia (1894–1917): reign of Tsar Nicholas II (Николай II), last Romanov emperor. Covers Witte-era industrialization, the 1905 Revolution and Duma, World War I, the February abdication, and the Bolshevik October Revolution.
History of Russia from the Earliest Times
History of Russia from the Earliest Times (История России с древнейших времён) is a 29-volume history by Sergei Solovyov, published in Moscow from 1851 to 1879.
History of Russian journalism
History of Russian journalism: from handwritten Kuranty (1621–1702) and Peter I's Vedomosti (1702) through the imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet press, covering censorship, gazetovedenie, and the 1990s independence-to-control transition.
History of Rwanda
History of Rwanda: from the precolonial Nyiginya monarchy through German (1899) and Belgian colonial rule, ethnic identity cards (1935), independence in 1962, the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi (800,000 to one million killed), and RPF rule under Paul Kagame since.
History of salt
The history of salt covers how humans obtained sodium chloride, the only rock humans eat, whose production, trade, and taxation shaped commerce and state finance from the Neolithic onward.
History of Samoa
History of Samoa: 3,000 years from Lapita settlement at Mulifanua, through Tongan interventions, German colonial rule after the 1899 Tripartite partition, New Zealand mandate, independence in 1962, and the fa'amatai-based politics of the 2021 crisis.
History of San Marino
The history of San Marino covers the republic on Mount Titano from its legendary founding by Marinus around 301 AD, making it one of the world's oldest surviving republics.
History of Saturday Night Live
History of Saturday Night Live: NBC's live sketch comedy show, created by Lorne Michaels, premiered in 1975 as NBC's Saturday Night with George Carlin hosting. Covers the 1980 collapse, Michaels's 1985 return, Weekend Update satire, and its record 113 Emmy wins.
History of Saudi Arabia
History of Saudi Arabia covers three Saudi states (1727–1818, 1824–1891, third founded 1902), unification by royal decree in 1932, the 1938 Dammam No. 7 oil discovery, six kings after Abdulaziz, and Vision 2030 reforms launched in 2016.
History of Scandinavia
History of Scandinavia: the past of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from first settlement through the Viking Age, Kalmar Union (1397), industrialization, Nordic welfare states, and NATO-era defense cooperation.
History of schistosomiasis
The history of schistosomiasis runs from disputed Egyptian papyrus references and calcified eggs in mummies to Theodor Bilharz's 1851 discovery of the worm in Cairo.