All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of school district consolidation in the Western United States
The history of school district consolidation in the Western United States covers how thousands of tiny districts merged, cutting California's count from 3,595 in 1932 to 967 by 2009.
History of science
History of science: scholarly study of how scientific ideas, practices, and institutions developed, centered historiographically on the Scientific Revolution (c. 1500–1700), internalist versus externalist traditions, and Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions.
History of science fiction
History of science fiction: scholarly account of the genre's origins, naming by Hugo Gernsback, Suvin's cognitive estrangement, Golden Age, and global development including Chinese SF.
History of Science Museum, Oxford
The History of Science Museum in Oxford is a University of Oxford museum of historic scientific instruments, housed in the Old Ashmolean building since 1925.
History of scientific method
The history of scientific method traces how knowledge of the natural world is produced and tested, from Aristotle and Ibn al-Haytham through Francis Bacon to the Royal Society.
History of Scotland
History of Scotland: medieval independent kingdom, Wars of Independence ending 1328 under Robert I, unions of crowns (1603) and parliaments (1707) with retained law, education, and church, and devolution culminating in the 1999 parliament and 2014 referendum.
History of Scruffiness (찌질의 역사)
History of Scruffiness (찌질의 역사) is a 2025 South Korean youth romantic comedy web series in eight episodes, directed by Kim Sung-hoon and starring Jo Byeong-kyu, Song Ha-yoon, and Ryeoun.
History of Senegal
History of Senegal: West African territory under Ghana, Mali, Jolof, and Cayor kingdoms, French conquest under Faidherbe, Four Communes, Thiaroye 1944, independence 1960 under Senghor, and the Casamance conflict.
History of Serbia
History of Serbia: from Lepenski Vir and Vinča prehistory, through the Nemanjić medieval kingdom and empire (1217, 1346), five centuries of Ottoman rule after Smederevo fell in 1459, the 1804 and 1815 uprisings, independence in 1878, kingdom in 1882, Yugoslavia, and the independent republic since 2006.
History of sewerage and sanitation
The history of sewerage and sanitation traces urban drainage from Mesopotamia and Rome's Cloaca Maxima through a medieval decline to 19th-century reforms like Bazalgette's London sewers.
History of Seychelles
The history of Seychelles spans independence in 1976, a 1977 coup that installed France-Albert René's one-party socialist state, and multiparty democracy restored by referendum in 1993.
History of Shia Islam
The history of Shia Islam begins with the succession to Muhammad in 632, when Shias held Ali was the rightful leader, and was shaped by Karbala in 680.
History of Sicily
History of Sicily: the Mediterranean's largest island under Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Norman (kingdom 1130-1194), Swabian, and later rule, famed for Norman multiculturalism and ending in the 1861 Italian unification.
History of Sidon
History of Sidon covers the ancient Phoenician city on the Levantine coast in present-day Lebanon, occupied from about 4000 BCE and later ruled by Assyria, Babylon, and Persia.
History of Sierra Leone
History of Sierra Leone: founded 1787 to 1792 as Freetown for freed Africans, British Crown colony from 1808, protectorate 1896, independent 1961, civil war 1991 to 2002 fueled by diamonds, post-war elections 2007 to 2023 and the 2023 APC boycott crisis.
History of Sikhism
History of Sikhism: the Punjab-founded religion of Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and nine successor Gurus, the Adi Granth scripture, the 1699 Khalsa, and the Sikh Empire, 1799–1849.
History of Sikkim
History of Sikkim: Himalayan kingdom first inhabited by the Lepchas, ruled by twelve Namgyal Chogyals from 1642, a British then Indian protectorate, and India's 22nd state after the 1975 referendum.
History of silk
History of silk: the story of sericulture from Neolithic China (Qianshanyang, 2750 BCE) through the Chinese monopoly, Silk Road trade, Byzantine and European silk industries, to today's China- and India-dominated raw silk production.
History of Singapore
History of Singapore: from pre-colonial Temasek, a 13th-14th century port, through the 1819 Raffles treaty, Straits Settlements, Japanese occupation, 1963 merger and 9 August 1965 independence, to the modern republic and its contested national narrative.
History of skiing
The history of skiing runs from prehistoric hunting in northern Eurasia, with skis from about 7200 BC, to the organized competitive sport that emerged in nineteenth-century Norway.
History of slavery
History of slavery: the global record of systems treating people as property, from ancient Greece and Rome through trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Atlantic slave trades to abolition and modern human trafficking.
History of slavery in the Muslim world
History of slavery in the Muslim world: Islamic-law-regulated slavery from the 7th century, supplied via trans-Saharan, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Black Sea routes; military slavery (Mamluks, devshirme), female-majority trade, contested 5–17 million volume estimates, and abolition from 1847 to Mauritania 1980/81.
History of Slovakia
History of Slovakia (Slovensko): from Paleolithic settlement half a million years ago, Celts and Great Moravia, nearly 1,000 years under the Kingdom of Hungary, the 19th-century national revival, Czechoslovakia, and independence on 1 January 1993.
History of Slovenia
The history of Slovenia records the region from prehistoric settlement through Roman rule, the Slavic principality of Carantania, Habsburg rule, Yugoslavia, and independence in 1991.
History of smallpox
History of smallpox (variola): a 3,000-year human disease killing about 3 in 10 infected, controlled by variolation, then Jenner's 1796 cowpox vaccine, and eradicated by WHO's intensified campaign, last natural case Somalia 1977, declared eradicated 1980.
History of smartphones
The history of smartphones traces the development of mobile phones combining cellular calling, computing, and internet apps, from the IBM Simon in 1994 to the Android and iOS duopoly.
History of smoking
History of smoking: the record of tobacco use from its Indigenous American origins, through Columbus's 1492 contact, the mechanized cigarette era, the 1964 Surgeon General report, and industry distortion of the science.
History of social choice theory
The history of social choice theory traces how individual votes combine into collective decisions, pioneered by Borda and Condorcet in the 1780s and transformed by Arrow's 1951 impossibility theorem.
History of socialism
The history of socialism traces a political tradition opposed to capitalism, from early nineteenth-century Europe through mass workers' parties, the communism–social democracy split, and the postwar welfare state.
History of sociology
The history of sociology, also called the history of sociological theory, records how the study of society, named by Auguste Comte in 1838, became an academic discipline in the 1890s.