All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses
The history of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses traces models since the 17th century, from Descartes's vortices and Laplace's nebular hypothesis to modern solar nebula theory.
History of Somalia
History of Somalia: ancient Indian Ocean trade, medieval Mogadishu, Ajuran, and Adal sultanates, 1960 union of British Somaliland and Italian Somalia, Barre's 1969-1991 rule, 1991 state collapse, Somaliland's unrecognized secession, and the post-2012 federal government.
History of sound recording
The history of sound recording covers capture and reproduction technologies from Scott's 1857 phonautograph to Edison's 1877 phonograph, the first machine that could record and play back sound.
History of South Africa
History of South Africa: from Taung and Sterkfontein hominid fossils, San and Khoekhoe peoples, Bantu farmers and Mapungubwe, through the 1652 Dutch Cape settlement, British rule, the 1867 diamond and 1886 gold mineral revolutions, apartheid (1948-1994), to the 27 April 1994 democratic elections and post-apartheid ANC rule.
History of South Africa (1948–1994)
National Party rule and apartheid in South Africa, 1948–1994: race classification, pass laws, Bantustans, Sharpeville, Soweto 1976, sanctions, de Klerk's 1990 reforms, and the 27 April 1994 democratic election won by Mandela's ANC.
History of South America
The history of South America covers human settlement over more than 14,000 years, from early foragers through Andean civilizations, Spanish and Portuguese conquest, colonial rule, and the independent nations of today.
History of South India
History of South India: the peninsula's past from Ashokan mentions of the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas through Sangam literature, Pallava, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola kingdoms, the bhakti movement, Vijayanagar, colonial rule, and modern linguistic states.
History of South Korea
History of South Korea (Republic of Korea, established 1948): 1945 liberation from Japanese colonial rule, division at the 38th parallel, Korean War 1950–53, authoritarian rule under Rhee, Park, and Chun, 1987 democratization, rapid industrialization, and the 2024–2025 martial law crisis.
History of Southeast Asia
History of Southeast Asia: political, religious, and commercial development of mainland and maritime Southeast Asia, from early Indianized states through colonial rule, decolonization after 1945, and the historiography debates over autonomous versus externally framed regional history.
History of space physics
History of space physics traces the study of charged particles and fields in space, from Birkeland's 1896 aurora theory through the satellite era that began with Explorer 1 in 1958.
History of SpaceX
The history of SpaceX covers the American launch company Elon Musk founded in 2002, which became the first private company to send a liquid-fueled rocket to orbit.
History of Spain
History of Spain: the Iberian Peninsula's past from Roman Hispania and Visigothic rule through al-Andalus, the Castile-Aragon union of 1492, the Habsburg and Bourbon global empire, the 1936–39 Civil War, Francoism, and the post-1975 constitutional monarchy.
History of Sparta
History of Sparta (Lacedaemon), the ancient Greek city-state of Laconia: helot-based society, dual kingship, agoge training, victory over Athens in 404 BCE, defeat by Thebes at Leuctra in 371 BCE, and Roman rule.
History of special relativity
The history of special relativity covers the theory's development from aether electrodynamics through Lorentz and Poincaré to Einstein's 1905 papers and Minkowski's four-dimensional spacetime, widely accepted by 1911.
History of special-relativity experiments
The history of special-relativity experiments runs from nineteenth-century ether-drift interferometers such as Michelson–Morley in 1887 through muon and clock time-dilation tests to modern laboratory and astrophysical searches for Lorentz invariance violations, none confirmed.
History of spider species descriptions (1757–present)
The history of spider species descriptions records new spider species named since Carl Clerck's 1757 work, now over 1,000 per year, tracked by the World Spider Catalog.
History of sport
History of sport: from Bronze Age Greek athletics and the ancient Olympics (canonical date 776 BC) through nineteenth-century British codification, the FA (1863), Victorian amateurism, Olympic professionalism (1992), and modern commercialization.
History of Spotify
The history of Spotify covers the Swedish streaming service from its 2006 founding by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon to 751 million users across 184 countries.
History of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka: from Neolithic settlement and the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa kingdoms, through Portuguese, Dutch, and British rule, to independence in 1948, the LTTE civil war ending 2009, and the 2022 economic crisis.
History of state immunity doctrine
History of state immunity doctrine: the international law shielding foreign states from other states' courts, also called sovereign immunity. Traces absolute immunity from Schooner Exchange (1812) through restrictive immunity, the 1976 FSIA, 1978 UK Act, 2004 UN Convention, and the ICJ's 2012 Germany v. Italy judgment.
History of statistics
The history of statistics, the science of drawing inference from data, runs from seventeenth-century state inventories and Graunt's 1662 mortality counts through least squares, Bayes' rule, and Fisher's inference theory.
History of submarines
The history of submarines traces crewed underwater craft from Bushnell's Turtle in 1776 through the diesel-electric boats of the 1900s to nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and research submersibles like Alvin.
History of Sudan
History of Sudan: from Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush, Christian Nubia, and the Funj and Darfur sultanates, through Turco-Egyptian rule, the Mahdiya, condominium, independence, civil wars, and the 2023 SAF-RSF war.
History of sugar
History of sugar: how sucrose from sugarcane spread from South Asia through the Arab Mediterranean into Europe as a medieval medicine and spice, became the plantation commodity of the Atlantic slave trade, and a mass food after sugar beet.
History of superconductivity
The history of superconductivity follows the phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance from Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery in mercury to the BCS theory and the 1986 cuprate breakthrough.
History of surgery
History of surgery: operative care from Neolithic trepanation, Egyptian and Sushruta-era Indian surgery, Vesalius and Hunter, ether anaesthesia (1846), Lister's antisepsis (1865), transplantation, and today's laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
History of sushi
History of sushi (寿司): from Southeast Asian fermented fish-and-rice preservation (narezushi) through vinegared hayazushi to Edo-period nigiri fast food by Hanaya Yohei (Bunsei era), then 1923 spread, 1939 counter shops, 1958 conveyor-belt sushi, and 2013 UNESCO washoku listing.
History of Swear Words
History of Swear Words: 2021 Netflix comedy-documentary series, six 20-minute episodes hosted by Nicolas Cage on Fk, Sh*t, B*tch, Dk, Puy, and Damn; Funny or Die/B17 production, 69% on Rotten Tomatoes.
History of Sweden
Sweden evolved from a medieval kingdom into a great power in the 17th century, later achieving a low income Gini of about 0.2 by the early 1980s.
History of swimming
History of swimming: from 10,000-year-old rock art and ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman practice through medieval decline, Wynmann's 1538 manual, the 1837 National Swimming Society, the crawl's rise, Olympic swimming since 1896, and World Aquatics governance to Paris 2024.