All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of the Deep Space Network
The history of the Deep Space Network begins in 1958, when JPL built the first deep space antenna at Goldstone, California, and spans six decades of growth.
History of the Democratic Party (United States)
The history of the Democratic Party, America's oldest political party, begins with Andrew Jackson's 1828 victory and follows its shift from Southern states' rights to the New Deal coalition.
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
History of the DRC: from the Kongo empire and Leopold II's Congo Free State, through independence in 1960, Mobutu's Zaire, the 1996-2003 Congo Wars, to the ongoing Rwanda-backed M23 conflict.
History of the Democratic Socialists of America
The history of the Democratic Socialists of America covers the socialist organization from its 1982 founding merger in Detroit to its post-2016 surge past 90,000 members.
History of the doctrine of customary international law
The history of the doctrine of customary international law traces how repeated state conduct came to be seen as binding law, from medieval custom to the ILC's 2018 Conclusions.
History of the Dominican Republic
History of the Dominican Republic: Hispaniola's eastern two-thirds from Taíno chiefdoms and 1492 Spanish colonization through Haitian occupation 1822–1844, independence under Juan Pablo Duarte, Spanish annexation 1861–65, US occupation 1916–24, and the Trujillo dictatorship 1930–1961.
History of the Doppler effect
The history of the Doppler effect covers Christian Doppler's 1842 proposal on star colors, Buys Ballot's 1845 railway experiment, the Vienna Academy's 1852 condemnation, and later spectroscopic confirmation.
History of the economics profession
The history of the economics profession traces how economics became an organized academic discipline, from occasional political economy teaching to university departments, doctorates, and associations.
History of the electric vehicle
The history of the electric vehicle spans early 20th-century decline and a modern revival that by 2025 made electric cars a quarter of new car sales.
History of the English monarchy
History of the English monarchy: Anglo-Saxon overkings and Alfred, Æthelstan's Witan elective kingship, Norman Conquest 1066, Magna Carta 1215, parliamentary birth, and the Wars of the Roses to Bosworth 1485.
History of the equivalence principle
The history of the equivalence principle traces how Galileo's observation that all bodies fall alike was made precise by Newton and elevated by Einstein in 1907 into general relativity.
History of the euro
The history of the euro traces the currency from the 1969 Hague summit and Maastricht Treaty through its 1999 launch, 2002 cash, and the debt crisis.
History of the European Union
History of the European Union: how the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community of six states grew, through the Treaties of Rome, Maastricht, the euro, and successive enlargements and crises, into today's union of 27 members.
History of the European Union (1993–2004)
History of the European Union 1993–2004: from the Maastricht Treaty creating the EU and the single market, through the euro, Amsterdam and Nice treaties, to the 1 May 2004 'Big Bang' enlargement from 15 to 25 member states.
History of the Falkland Islands
History of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): uninhabited South Atlantic archipelago sighted 1592, settled by France, Britain, and Spain in the 1760s, British since 1833, invaded by Argentina in 1982, referendum 2013.
History of the Faroe Islands
History of the Faroe Islands (Føroyar): North Atlantic archipelago's past from pre-Norse settlement evidence (500 CE), Norse landnám, Norwegian and Danish rule, 1856 trade liberalisation, 1946 referendum, and 1948 Home Rule Act.
History of the Federal Reserve System
The history of the Federal Reserve System, the United States central bank, began when Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, creating 12 regional Reserve Banks.
History of the FIFA World Cup
History of the FIFA World Cup, the men's national-team football championship first held in Uruguay in 1930 under Jules Rimet; 22 editions through Qatar 2022, expanded to 48 teams and 104 matches for 2026, centenary 2030 in Spain, Portugal, Morocco.
History of the firearm
The history of the firearm traces gunpowder weapons from Chinese hand cannons of the 13th century through successive ignition systems and cartridges to the modern magazine-fed gun.
History of the floppy disk
The floppy disk was invented at IBM in 1967 under David L. Noble, evolving through 8-inch, 5.25-inch, and 3.5-inch formats before production ended in 2011.
History of the French Revolution
History of the French Revolution (Histoire de la Révolution française) is a seven-volume work by French historian Jules Michelet, published from 1847 to 1853 and ending at the fall of Robespierre in 1794.
History of the Georgian Church
The history of the Georgian Church covers Orthodox Christianity in Georgia from its adoption as the state religion circa 326 AD through Russian rule and autocephaly's 1917 restoration.
History of the Georgian Nation
History of the Georgian Nation (Georgian: Kartveli Eris Ist'oria) is a multi-volume history of the Georgian people by historian Ivane Javakhishvili, first published in 1908 and foundational to modern Georgian national historiography.
History of the German Army Aviation Corps
The History of the German Army Aviation Corps covers the Heeresfliegertruppe, the German Army's helicopter arm, from 1954 planning and 1957 first units through reunification and reform.
History of the Grand Prince of Moscow
The History of the Grand Prince of Moscow (История о великом князе Московском) is a 1570s political indictment of Tsar Ivan IV written abroad by Prince Andrei Kurbsky.
History of the graphical user interface
The history of the GUI, also known as the history of the graphical user interface, traces computers' move from typed commands to on-screen objects, beginning in the early 1960s.
History of the Great Wall of China
History of the Great Wall of China (长城): walls built by over 20 states and dynasties from the Warring States era to the Ming, unified under Qin Shi Huang c. 220 BC, measured at 21,196.18 km in 2012, and now under active conservation.
History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire
History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire is a history by Dimitrie Cantemir, last native prince of Moldavia, published in English in 1734–1735.
History of the hamburger
History of the hamburger: how Hamburg steak brought by German immigrants became an American sandwich in the 1880s-1890s, with competing claims (Louis' Lunch, Nagreen, Davis), the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, White Castle 1921, and McDonald's-led global spread.
History of the Haudenosaunee
History of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois, Six Nations Confederacy): a league of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later Tuscarora peoples under the Great Law of Peace, neutral early in the American Revolution, then divided, with major land losses after 1784.