All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of the Jews in Spain
History of the Jews in Spain (Sepharad): two millennia of Jewish life in Iberia from Roman and Visigothic rule through al-Andalus, the 1391 massacres, conversos, and the 1492 expulsion edict of Ferdinand and Isabella that created the Sephardic diaspora, plus Spain's 2015 citizenship law for their descendants.
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire: Jewish life under Roman rule from Pompey's 63 BCE conquest through the 66–70, 115–117, and 132–135 revolts, the fiscus Judaicus, diaspora communities, rabbinic Judaism, and fourth-century Christianization.
History of the Jews in the United States
The history of the Jews in the United States spans about 370 years, from 23 Sephardic refugees arriving in New Amsterdam in 1654 to 7.5 million today.
History of the Jews in Ukraine
History of the Jews in Ukraine: a Jewish presence from the 4th century BC Black Sea colonies through Khazaria, Kyivan Rus, the Pale of Settlement, Hasidism's birthplace, the Holocaust at Babyn Yar, and today's third-largest Jewish community in Europe.
History of the Kansas City Chiefs
History of the Kansas City Chiefs, founded 1959 by Lamar Hunt as the AFL's Dallas Texans, relocated to Kansas City 1963; AFL titles 1962-69, Super Bowls IV, LIV, LVII, LVIII, and planned 2031 move to a Kansas domed stadium.
History of the kilt
History of the kilt: the Scottish Highland garment's development from the 16th-century belted plaid (feileadh mor) through the 18th-century little kilt, the 1747 proscription, George IV's 1822 visit, and modern reinvention.
History of the Kurds
History of the Kurds: Iranian-speaking mountain people of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Iranian plateau, first chronicled by Sharaf Khan Bidlisi's Sharafnama, divided by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne among Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, with the 1946 Republic of Mahabad as their only modern state.
History of the LED
The history of the LED runs from a 1907 electroluminescence report to the first practical red LED in 1962 and the blue LEDs of the early 1990s.
History of the London Underground
The history of the London Underground runs from the Metropolitan Railway of 1863, the world's first underground railway, through the 1890 electric tube to today's 11-line network.
History of the Los Angeles Rams
History of the Los Angeles Rams: NFL franchise founded in Cleveland in 1937, also the St. Louis Rams, four titles (1945, 1951, 1999, 2021), Greatest Show on Turf, and 2016 return to Los Angeles.
History of the major record labels
The history of the major record labels traces consolidation from one global company in the 1940s to six by the late 1990s and three after 2012.
History of the Maldives
History of the Maldives: South Asian-settled Buddhist archipelago, Islamic sultanate from 1153, dynasties, Portuguese occupation, British protectorate 1887–1965, independence and 1968 republic.
History of the Mediterranean region
History of the Mediterranean region: the connected maritime history of the Mediterranean Sea from antiquity to today, framed by Fernand Braudel's 1949 The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, the East–West divide, the Ottoman–Spanish frontier, the Atlantic shift, and the new thalassology.
History of the metre
The history of the meter spans from its 1790s definition as one ten-millionth of the Paris meridian quadrant to the 1983 definition fixing the speed of light.
History of the metric system
The metric system was created in revolutionary France in the 1790s, spread through Europe, and was formalized by the 1875 Metre Convention before becoming the SI in 1960.
History of the Middle East
History of the Middle East: the region from Morocco to India named by 19th-century British officials, covering Mesopotamian empires, Islamic conquests, the Ottoman Empire, mandates, Orientalism, and wartime heritage damage.
History of the motorcycle
The history of the motorcycle spans the 1860s steam two-wheelers, the 1885 Daimler Reitwagen, the first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, and today's electric shift.
History of the National Football League
History of the National Football League: founded 1920 in Canton, Ohio as the APFA, renamed NFL in 1922; survived rival leagues, merged with the AFL in 1970, and grew into a 32-team league with over $100 billion in media rights.
History of the National Park Service
History of the National Park Service, the U.S. Interior Department agency created by the 1916 Organic Act; traces Yellowstone (1872), the 1933 reorganization, the CCC, and growth to 400+ park units.
History of the National Register of Historic Places
History of the National Register of Historic Places, the U.S. federal heritage list created by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665). Covers origins, Section 106, 1980 amendments, state administration, growth to 100,000+ listings by 2025, and criticism.
History of the Netherlands
History of the Netherlands: from Roman frontier and Frisian lands to the Dutch Republic (1588), VOC and WIC colonial empire, 1815 kingdom, 1848 constitution, 1940–45 occupation and Holocaust, Indonesian decolonisation (1949) and post-war European integration.
History of the New York City Subway
The history of the New York City Subway spans from the first IRT line's opening in 1904, through public unification in 1940, to renewed 21st-century expansion.
History of The New York Times (1851–1896)
History of The New York Times (1851–1896): founded September 18, 1851 as the New-York Daily Times by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones; covers the Civil War, the 1870–1871 Tweed Ring exposés, and Adolph Ochs's 1896 purchase and turnaround.
History of the NFL championship
History of the NFL championship: how pro football's title was decided, from standings-based champions (1920-1931), the 1932 Bears-Spartans playoff and 1933 first NFL Championship Game, rival AFL and AAFC titles, to the Super Bowl era after the 1970 AFL-NFL merger.
History of the Northwest Territories
History of the Northwest Territories, Canada's territory created July 15, 1870 from the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land; shrank as Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Nunavut were carved out, and gained land and resource control through the 2014 Devolution Act.
History of the Occult
History of the Occult (Historia de lo oculto) is a 2020 Argentine black-and-white supernatural horror film, Cristian Ponce's directorial debut, about a final live TV broadcast exposing a government-occult conspiracy in 1980s Buenos Aires.
History of the Panama Canal
The history of the Panama Canal spans a failed French attempt in the 1880s, American construction of a lock canal opened in 1914, and Panamanian control since 1999.
History of the papacy
The history of the papacy covers the office of the bishop of Rome, leader of the Catholic Church, from the apostle Peter to 267 popes through Leo XIV in 2025.
History of the Peloponnesian War
History of the Peloponnesian War: Thucydides' unfinished account (431–404 BCE) of the war between Athens and Sparta; its 'truest cause' was Spartan fear of growing Athenian power.
History of the People's Republic of China
History of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国历史): the state founded 1 October 1949, covering postwar recovery, the Great Leap famine, the Cultural Revolution, Deng's Reform and Opening Up, the 1982 Constitution, and the one-child policy.