All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of the periodic table
The history of the periodic table traces its development from Lavoisier's first element list in 1789 through Mendeleev's 1869 periodic system to the table's completion by IUPAC in 2016.
History of the petroleum industry
The history of the petroleum industry spans ancient use of surface oil seepages to the modern industry begun with the first commercial well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
History of the petroleum industry in the United States
The history of the petroleum industry in the United States began with Edwin Drake's 1859 well at Titusville, Pennsylvania, and includes the Standard Oil monopoly.
History of the Philippines
History of the Philippines: precolonial polities documented by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Spanish rule from 1565, the 1896 Katipunan revolution, American rule 1898-1946, Japanese occupation, and independence on July 4, 1946.
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
Spanish colonial period of the Philippines (Spanish Philippines), 1565–1898: the islands ruled as Captaincy General of the Philippines, initially under New Spain until 1821; from Legazpi's 1565 landing and 1571 conquest of Manila to the 1896 revolution and 1898 cession to the United States.
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
US colonial period of the Philippines, 1898–1946: Spanish cession via Treaty of Paris, Philippine-American War, Commonwealth under Quezon, Japanese occupation, and July 4, 1946 independence.
History of the Philippines (900–1565)
History of the Philippines 900–1565: the precolonial era from the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 CE, Kawi script, Kingdom of Tondo) through barangay and datu polities, barter and Piloncitos trade with China and Java, to Legazpi's 1565 Cebu settlement.
History of the potato
History of the potato (Solanum tuberosum): Andean domestication ~10,000 years ago, sixteenth-century Spanish introduction to Europe, Chilean subspecies adoption, the Great Irish Famine, demographic effects, and modern genome-based breeding.
History of the pound lock
The history of the pound lock traces the two-gated canal lock from its 1373 debut at Vreeswijk in the Netherlands back to a Chinese chamber lock of 984.
History of the press
The history of the press covers how news moved from handwritten services to the first printed weekly in Strasbourg in 1605, then to mass-circulation newspapers by 1900.
History of the Puritans in North America
Puritan settlement of New England, 1620–1640s: Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay's 'city upon a hill' under John Winthrop, dissenters Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, and the Congregational legacy.
History of the Quakers
The history of the Quakers traces the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded in England in the 1650s around George Fox's preaching of direct revelation from God.
History of the Quran
The history of the Quran covers how the text was compiled and standardized in the Uthmanic codex around 650, and what early manuscripts and radiocarbon dates show.
History of the Republic of China
History of the Republic of China (中華民國): state founded 1912, ruled by the Beiyang government to 1928, the Nanjing Nationalist government to 1949, and on Taiwan since the KMT retreat, with martial law until 1987 and later democratization.
History of the Republic of India (1947–present)
History of the Republic of India (1947–present) covers India's transformation into the world's most populous country and a multiparty democracy. It became the fifth-largest economy by 2023.
History of the Republic of the Congo
History of the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville): pre-colonial Kongo, Teke, and Loango kingdoms; French colonization via de Brazza's 1880 Makoko treaty; independence 15 August 1960; People's Republic 1969–1991; 1990s civil wars; Sassou N'Guesso's rule since 1979/1997.
History of the Republic of Turkey
History of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), founded October 29, 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from the Ottoman collapse: constitutions of 1921, 1924, 1961, 1982, military coups of 1960, 1971, 1980, and the 2017 presidential turn.
History of the Republican Party (United States)
History of the Republican Party (GOP), founded 1854 against slavery extension via the Kansas-Nebraska Act; Lincoln's party, Reconstruction author, New Deal-era minority, and post-1964 Southern-realigned conservative party.
History of the Roman Empire
History of the Roman Empire: the imperial Mediterranean state from Augustus through the western collapse and eastern continuation. Covers provincial administration, Caracalla's AD 212 citizenship grant, late Roman transformation (AD 250-450), Gibbon's decline thesis versus revisionist continuity, and frontier archaeology.
History of the Romani people
History of the Romani people, Europe's largest ethnic minority (10–12 million): Indian origins, migration to Europe about 1,000 years ago, slavery in the Romanian principalities, the Nazi genocide of up to 500,000, and EU inclusion policy since 2011.
History of the Romanians
History of the Romanians (Istoria românilor) is a ten-volume national history of Romania by the historian Nicolae Iorga, published in Bucharest between 1936 and 1939.
History of the Rosary
The history of the rosary traces the Catholic prayer of 150 Hail Marys from twelfth-century Psalter substitutes to its form fixed by Pope Pius V in 1569.
History of the Royal Air Force
The history of the Royal Air Force spans its 1918 formation as the world's first independent air force through the Battle of Britain, the Cold War, and contraction to roughly 31,000 personnel.
History of the rupee
History of the rupee: South Asian currency family named from Sanskrit rupya, 'wrought silver'; begun with Sher Shah Suri's 1540s rupiya, uniform at 180 grains in 1835, decimalised mid-1950s, now fiat currencies of India, Pakistan, Nepal and others.
History of the Russian language
History of the Russian language (история русского языка): from Proto-Slavic and Old East Slavic of Kievan Rus through Church Slavonic influence, Lomonosov and Pushkin, to the 1917–1918 orthography reform and the modern standard language.
History of the Russian State
History of the Russian State (История государства Российского) is a twelve-volume history of Russia by Nikolai Karamzin, published in Saint Petersburg from 1816 to 1829.
History of the Sámi
History of the Sámi (Sápmi's indigenous people of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia): classical mentions by Tacitus, medieval siida system and Lapp taxation, 1751/1826 borders, reindeer pastoralism, assimilation, and the 20th-century Sámi awakening and parliaments.
History of the second law of thermodynamics
The history of the second law of thermodynamics traces the law from Sadi Carnot's 1824 analysis of heat engines through Clausius and Kelvin to standardized statements around 1900.
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
The history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church covers its emergence from the 1840s Millerite movement, formal organization in 1863, and growth to 23.7 million members by 2024.
History of the shield tunnelling method
The history of the shield tunnelling method begins with Marc Isambard Brunel, who patented the first tunnelling shield in 1818 and used it to build the Thames Tunnel.