All articles starting with H
20,046 articles
History of the hippie movement
History of the hippie movement, also called the 1960s counterculture: a youth movement growing from the Beats, centered on Haight-Ashbury's Summer of Love, peaking at Woodstock, politicizing by 1970, and fading after 1973.
History of the House of Artsruni
The History of the House of Artsruni (Պատմութիւն տանն Արծրունեաց) is a medieval Armenian chronicle begun by Tovma Artsruni in the 870s and completed by an anonymous continuator in the 10th century.
History of the Huns
History of the Huns: nomadic horsemen from Inner Asia who appeared in Europe in the 370s CE, built Attila's empire, and whose debated link to the Xiongnu is now supported by 2025 ancient DNA and Yeniseian linguistic evidence.
History of the identification and classification of star clusters and stellar associations
The history of the identification and classification of star clusters and stellar associations traces how astronomers moved from Messier's 1774 catalog to Trumpler's classification and Gaia's modern cluster census.
History of the Incas
The history of the Incas traces their rise from a small kingdom around Cusco in the early 1200s to Tawantinsuyu, the largest empire in the Western Hemisphere, ended by the Spanish conquest of 1532 to 1542.
History of the India national football team
History of the India national football team (Blue Tigers): 1948 Olympic debut, 1950 World Cup withdrawal myth, golden era under Syed Abdul Rahim with 1951 and 1962 Asian Games golds, 1964 Asian Cup runners-up, decline since the 1970s, and 2010s revival.
History of the Indian National Congress
History of the Indian National Congress (INC), founded 28 December 1885 in Bombay; led India's independence movement under Gandhi and Nehru, dominated post-1947 politics, then declined to 44 seats in 2014 before recovering to 99 in 2024.
History of the internal combustion engine
The history of the internal combustion engine spans Étienne Lenoir's first commercial gas engine of 1860, Otto's four-stroke cycle of 1876, the Benz automobile, and Rudolf Diesel's 1897 engine.
History of the Internet
The history of the Internet covers how ARPANET, a 1969 US Defense Department research network, grew through TCP/IP, NSFNET, and the World Wide Web into a global system.
History of the iPhone
The history of the iPhone traces Apple's smartphone from its 2007 announcement by Steve Jobs through the App Store era and over one billion units sold.
History of the Isle of Man
The history of the Isle of Man spans Brittonic, Norse, Scottish, and English rule while the island kept Tynwald, a continuous parliament founded more than 1,000 years ago.
History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
History of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: chronology from the British Mandate, 1947 UN partition and 1948 war, through 1967 occupation, Oslo Accords, Gaza blockade, and the October 2023 war.
History of the jet airliner
The history of the jet airliner spans the de Havilland Comet, withdrawn in 1954 after metal-fatigue crashes, the 1958 Boeing 707, the 1970 widebody 747, and the supersonic Concorde.
History of the jet engine
The history of the jet engine covers gas turbine propulsion from the 1930s onward: Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain built the first turbojets, which flew by 1939 and 1941.
History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
The history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel) spans roughly three millennia, from the Israelite kingdoms to the modern Zionist return and the founding of Israel in 1948.
History of the Jews during World War II
History of the Jews during World War II: Nazi Germany and its collaborators persecuted, ghettoized, and murdered six million European Jews (two-thirds of prewar European Jewry), from the 1939 invasion of Poland through ghettos, killing centers, resistance uprisings, flight, and liberation in 1945.
History of the Jews in Africa
History of the Jews in Africa: Jewish communities from ancient Egypt and the Maghreb to the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, the Lemba, and modern South Africa, with peak populations, expulsions, and emigration.
History of the Jews in China
History of the Jews in China: twelve centuries from Tang-era Jewish merchants to the Kaifeng community (synagogue 1163, assimilated by the 19th century) and modern Sephardi, Russian, and WWII refugee communities in Shanghai, Harbin, and Tianjin.
History of the Jews in Egypt
The history of the Jews in Egypt, or Egyptian Jews, spans roughly 2,500 years, from ancient Elephantine and Alexandria to a community of over 80,000 expelled after 1956.
History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in England: medieval community settled from Rouen after 1066, royal-protected moneylenders expelled by Edward I's 1290 Edict, then readmission under Cromwell in 1656 and a continuous community since.
History of the Jews in Europe
History of the Jews in Europe: over two millennia of Jewish presence from Antiquity, medieval Ashkenazi and Sephardi centers, expulsions, emancipation, the Holocaust, and postwar renewal across the continent.
History of the Jews in France
History of the Jews in France: a community documented in Gaul since the fourth century, emancipated first in modern Europe (1790–91), decimated under Vichy, and rebuilt into today's third-largest Jewish population worldwide.
History of the Jews in Germany
The history of the Jews in Germany spans about 1,700 years, from a 321 CE decree in Cologne through emancipation, Nazi destruction, and post-1990 rebuilding.
History of the Jews in Hungary
History of the Jews in Hungary (magyar zsidóság): a community of almost one million before World War I, split into Neolog, Orthodox, and Status Quo branches, decimated by the 1944 deportations to Auschwitz and the Arrow Cross terror, with about 100,000 Jews in Hungary today.
History of the Jews in India
History of the Jews in India: the Bene Israel, Cochin Jews, and Baghdadi Jews, distinct communities settled over two millennia, largely without antisemitism, mostly emigrating to Israel in the 1950s and 1960s, leaving fewer than 5,000 Jews in India today.
History of the Jews in Iraq
History of the Jews in Iraq: the ancient Babylonian Jewish community, home of the Babylonian Talmud, numbering about 135,000 in the 1940s, devastated by the 1941 Farhud and emptied by the 1950–1951 exodus to Israel.
History of the Jews in Los Angeles
History of the Jews in Los Angeles: from Jacob Frankfort's 1841 arrival through Boyle Heights, the postwar boom to 600,000 people, Fairfax, Iranian Jewish migration, and Cedars-Sinai.
History of the Jews in Poland
History of the Jews in Poland (historia Żydów w Polsce): a thousand-year story of Europe's largest Jewish community, about 3.3 million before 1939, decimated by the Holocaust, reduced further by postwar emigration including March 1968, now reviving.
History of the Jews in Romania
History of the Jews in Romania: Jewish life from Roman Dacia and medieval Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania through emancipation struggles, the Holocaust under Antonescu (280,000-380,000 killed), communist-era emigration, and today's community of about 8,900.
History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Jews in Russia, also covering the Pale of Settlement (черта оседлости) era: Jewish life under the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation, from the 1772 and 1791 Pale laws through pogroms, the 1917 revolution, the Holocaust, and post-Soviet emigration.