All articles starting with P
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Pharrell Williams discography
Pharrell Williams discography: solo albums In My Mind (2006) and G I R L (2014), film soundtracks including Despicable Me and Hidden Figures, the hit single Happy, and the 2026 gospel album OPHANIM with Voices of Fire.
Pharsalia
The Pharsalia, also known as the Bellum Civile (Civil War), is a ten-book Latin epic by the Roman poet Lucan recounting the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey.
Pharsalus
Pharsalus, the ancient Greek name of modern Farsala, was a Thessalian town best known as the site of Caesar's decisive defeat of Pompey in 48 BCE.
Pharus
Pharus (Greek Pharos, Latin Pharia) was an Adriatic island, modern Hvar, Croatia, whose polis was founded 385/4 BC by Paros with Dionysius of Syracuse; famed for its Greek land division and Demetrius of Pharos.
Pharyngeal arch
Pharyngeal arches (branchial arches) are embryonic head bulges of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest that form the face, jaw, neck, and pharynx; humans form six, arch 5 involutes, and fish gills became tetrapod parathyroids.
Pharyngeal jaw
Pharyngeal jaws are a second set of jaws in fish throats, derived from gill arches; the modified cichlid-wrasse form (pharyngognathy) with fused lower jaws and muscular sling was long deemed a key innovation driving trophic radiation, a claim now questioned.
Pharyngeal or tonsillar diphtheria
Pharyngeal or tonsillar diphtheria, the commonest respiratory form of diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, features a gray pharyngeal pseudomembrane; treated with diphtheria antitoxin plus erythromycin or penicillin.
Pharyngeal pouch (embryology)
Pharyngeal pouches are endodermal outpockets between the pharyngeal arches in week-4 vertebrate embryos; humans have four, giving rise to the middle ear, tonsil, thymus, parathyroids, and thyroid C cells.
Pharyngeal reflex
Pharyngeal reflex (gag reflex): involuntary throat contraction protecting the airway, mediated by CN IX afferent and CN X efferent limbs; poorly predictive of dysphagia despite traditional bedside use.
Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome
Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial (PCB) variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, also called PCB-GBS: a rare localized axonal GBS subtype causing oropharyngeal, neck, and arm weakness with areflexia, linked to anti-GT1a IgG antibodies.
Pharyngealization
Pharyngealization (emphatic consonants, Arabic tafkhim) is a secondary articulation with pharyngeal constriction, marked by F2 lowering; found mainly in Afroasiatic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Tashlhiyt Amazigh.
Pharyngectomy
Pharyngectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the pharynx (throat), mainly for throat cancer; ranges from oropharyngectomy to circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy with flap reconstruction.
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat, is mostly viral (about 80% of cases); group A streptococcus causes 20-30% of pediatric and 5-15% of adult cases, diagnosed by Centor criteria, RADT, or throat culture, and treated with penicillin.
Pharyngoplasty
Pharyngoplasty is surgery on the soft palate and pharyngeal walls, with variants that enlarge the velopharynx to treat sleep apnea or narrow it to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency.
Pharyngostomy
Pharyngostomy: surgical creation of an external opening into the pharynx for feeding, drainage, or salivary diversion; an alternative to nasogastric tubes now largely displaced by gastrostomy.
Pharynx
Pharynx (throat): funnel-shaped muscular tube from skull base to C6, shared by digestive and respiratory tracts, divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; constrictor muscles, vagus and glossopharyngeal innervation, pharyngeal arch embryology.
Phasaelis
Phasaelis was a 1st-century Nabataean princess, daughter of King Aretas IV and Queen Huldu, and the first wife of Herod Antipas, whose repudiation for Herodias provoked a war with Nabataea.
Phascogale
Phascogale: Australian dasyurid marsupial genus with three species (brush-tailed P. tapoatafa, red-tailed P. calura, northern P. pirata), arboreal carnivores with bottlebrush tails and semelparous males that die after one breeding season.
Phase (matter)
In chemistry and thermodynamics, a phase of matter is a region of a material system uniform in composition and physical state, such as solid, liquid, or gas.
Phase (waves)
Phase, also called wave phase, is the position of a point in time on a waveform cycle, expressed as an angle where one full cycle equals 360°.
Phase 10
Phase 10, Mattel rummy-style card game invented by Ken Johnson in 1982 in Detroit; players complete ten phases in order using a 108-card deck with Wild and Skip cards; 2024 National Toy Hall of Fame inductee.
Phase change material storage
Phase change material storage, one of three main classes of thermal energy storage, stores heat as latent heat while a medium melts or solidifies near its melting point.
Phase closure
Phase closure is an astronomical interferometry technique that sums visibility phases around a closed loop of baselines, typically a triangle of three telescopes, canceling antenna-based phase errors.
Phase coherence and dephasing in mesoscopic conductors
Phase coherence and dephasing in mesoscopic conductors describe how far electrons keep a predictable quantum phase, a distance up to tens of micrometers limited by collisions.
Phase curve
A phase curve is a graph of how the brightness of an orbiting or rotating body, or a dynamical system's state, changes with its phase in a cycle.
Phase cycling (spectroscopy)
Phase cycling is a coherence-selection technique in pulsed magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy, varying pulse phases across scans so desired pathways add while others cancel.
Phase diagram
A phase diagram, or P–T diagram, is a graph showing which phase of a substance is stable at each pressure and temperature, with triple and critical points.
Phase Doppler anemometry
Phase Doppler anemometry (PDPA), also called phase Doppler particle analysis, is a laser technique that measures the size and velocity of spherical particles, such as spray droplets.
Phase engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides
Phase engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides is the deliberate control of the crystal phase of layered 2D materials such as MoS₂ to tune their electronic, optical, and chemical properties.
Phase equilibrium
Phase equilibrium is the condition in which two or more phases of a system, such as a vapor and its liquid, coexist with no net change.