All articles starting with P
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Poliomyelitis vaccine multidose
Poliomyelitis vaccine multidose (IPV, FVP-P-283) is a WHO-prequalified trivalent inactivated polio vaccine from Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands, licensed RVG 114720 in 2014; 5-dose 2.5 mL vials, 40:8:32 DU Salk strains, 28-day open-vial use.
Poliomyelitis vaccine novel oral type 2
nOPV2 (novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2) is a genetically stabilized live attenuated oral vaccine derived from Sabin 2, WHO's preferred tool against cVDPV2 outbreaks; EUL-listed November 2020, prequalified December 2023, about 1 billion doses used.
Poliomyelitis vaccine, bivalent types 1 and 3
Bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV), types 1 and 3, live attenuated Sabin strains given as 2 oral drops; replaced trivalent OPV worldwide in April–May 2016 after wild poliovirus type 2 eradication, with one IPV dose added.
Poliomyelitis vaccine, type 1 and 3
Bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV), types 1 and 3: live attenuated Sabin oral polio vaccine licensed 2009, replacing trivalent OPV worldwide in 2016; vaccine of choice against WPV1 and cVDPV1/3 outbreaks.
Polioptila
Polioptila is the gnatcatcher genus of the New World family Polioptilidae, with 12 insectivorous species from Canada to Argentina, including the migratory Blue-gray and the endangered-listed California Gnatcatcher.
Poliosis
Poliosis (poliosis circumscripta, white forelock) is a localized patch of white hair from absent melanin in affected follicles, a clinical sign linked to piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, melanoma, and medications.
Poliovax
Poliovax (Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated, Human Diploid Cell), BLA 103940, Sanofi: FDA-approved February 24, 2000; MRC-5 cell-grown injectable IPV; discontinued September 14, 2011.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus, an enterovirus of Picornaviridae with three serotypes, causes poliomyelitis; eradication since 1988 cut cases over 99%, leaving endemic WPV1 in Afghanistan and Pakistan and cVDPV2 outbreaks, with certification targets extended to 2027 and 2029.
Poliovirus vaccine inactivated
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), the Salk vaccine, an injectable formalin-killed trivalent polio vaccine licensed in 1955; no VAPP risk, low gut immunity, used in the US since 2000.
Polis
Polis (πόλις, plural poleis): the ancient Greek city-state, an urban center (asty) with its territory (chora) and citizen body. Over 1,000 existed; emerged after the Mycenaean collapse, endured under Hellenistic and Roman rule.
Polis (game)
Polis (poleis, "cities") was an ancient Greek two-player strategy board game of the petteia family, known from Cratinus, Plato, Aristotle, and Pollux; pieces called "dogs" were captured by encirclement on gridded boards.
Polisario Front
Polisario Front (Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguía el-Hamra y Río de Oro), Sahrawi national liberation movement founded 10 May 1973; proclaimed the SADR in 1976, fought Morocco 1975–1991, runs Tindouf refugee camps, and resumed war in November 2020.
Polish absurdism
Polish absurdism is the Polish drama and prose allied to the Theatre of the Absurd, with Witkiewicz and Gombrowicz as precursors and Mrożek and Różewicz as principal figures.
Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is Poland's national academy of sciences, founded in 1951–52 on the Soviet-model academy pattern, with about 70 research institutes and up to 350 elected members.
Polish agrarian reform
The Polish agrarian reform was the state-led redistribution of agricultural land in Poland in two waves: the interwar reform of 1918–1939 and the communist decree of 1944.
Polish Air Force
Polish Air Force (Siły Powietrzne): air branch of Poland's armed forces, founded 1918. Fields 32 F-35A "Husarz" (8 in country by 2026), FA-50s, F-16s; fought drones over its territory in September 2025.
Polish alphabet
Polish alphabet (alfabet polski): modified Latin alphabet with 32 letters, 9 diacritic letters (ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż), no q/v/x in native words, seven digraphs, adopted in the 12th century, codified by the Rada Języka Polskiego with 2026 spelling reform.
Polish Americans
Polish Americans (Polonia) are US residents of Polish descent, 9.5 million in the 2010 Census and the eighth largest ethnic group, shaped by late-19th-century mass immigration, fraternal institutions, Chicago as a cultural center, and October heritage month.
Polish and Ukrainian settlement of Paraná
The Polish and Ukrainian settlement of Paraná was the organized placement of immigrants from partitioned Poland and Galicia in rural Brazilian colonies, beginning in 1871 and centered on Curitiba and Prudentópolis.
Polish Armed Forces
Polish Armed Forces (Siły Zbrojne RP), the military of Poland: NATO member since 1999, all-volunteer since 2009, expanding from 201,600 personnel (Feb 2025) toward 300,000 with 4.8% of GDP defense spending.
Polish Armed Forces in the East
The Polish Armed Forces in the East were Polish army formations created by the Soviets in 1943, fighting alongside the Red Army from Lenino to Berlin.
Polish Armed Forces in the West
The Polish Armed Forces in the West were Polish land, air, and naval formations organized in exile during World War II, fighting alongside France and then Britain.
Polish Brethren
The Polish Brethren (bracia polscy), known abroad as Socinians, were a unitarian community that rejected the Trinity and was expelled from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1658.
Polish brothers
The Polish brothers are American identical twin filmmakers Mark and Michael Polish (born 1970 or 1972), creators of Twin Falls Idaho (1999), Jackpot (2001), Northfork (2003), The Astronaut Farmer (2007), and For Lovers Only (2011).
Polish Coalition
Polish Coalition (Koalicja Polska, KP): center-right Polish electoral bloc for the 2019 parliamentary election, led by PSL and Kukiz'15, ran on PSL lists, won 8.55% and 30 Sejm seats; distinct from Civic Coalition.
Polish Committee of National Liberation
The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) was the first communist government of postwar Poland, created in Moscow under Stalin's patronage in July 1944.
Polish contract law
Polish contract law is the part of the law of obligations governing contract formation, rights and duties, and breach, contained mainly in Book Three of the 1964 Civil Code.
Polish Corridor
Polish Corridor (Polish Corridor, Pomorze): Versailles-granted strip 20–70 miles wide along the lower Vistula, 1920–1939, giving Poland Baltic access, splitting East Prussia from Germany; flashpoint over Danzig, transit and demographics leading to the 1939 invasion.
Polish cuisine
Polish cuisine (kuchnia polska) is Poland's national culinary tradition of grain dishes, soups, fermented vegetables, mushrooms, and meats, with icons like pierogi, bigos, żurek, and kotlet schabowy, shaped by Italian, French, German, Jewish, and Eastern influences and strong regional diversity.
Polish Cup
Polish Cup (Puchar Polski), Poland's annual knockout football cup run by the PZPN; first final 1926 won by Wisła Kraków; 2025/26 champion Górnik Zabrze; winner enters Europa League qualifying.