All articles starting with P
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Polish diaspora
Polish diaspora (Polonia): the nearly 20 million Polish citizens, people of Polish origin, and descendants living outside Poland, largest in the US and Germany; shaped by the 1870–1914 Great Migration, interwar and wartime waves, and post-2004 EU-accession emigration, now partly returning.
Polish Enlightenment
The Polish Enlightenment was the Polish-Lithuanian branch of the European Enlightenment, usually dated from Stanisław August Poniatowski's 1764 accession to the 1795 partitions and Mickiewicz's 1822 debut.
Polish Figure Skating Championships
Polish Figure Skating Championships (Mistrzostwa Polski w łyżwiarstwie figurowym), Poland's national figure skating titles run by the PZŁF since 1922; men and pairs from 1922, women from 1930, ice dance from 1956, decided via Three Nationals since 2009.
Polish Film Chronicle
The Polish Film Chronicle (Polska Kronika Filmowa) was a weekly Polish cinema newsreel produced from 1944 to 1994, serving as an instrument of state propaganda.
Polish garrison in the Moscow Kremlin (1610–1612)
The Polish garrison in the Moscow Kremlin (Польский гарнизон в Кремле) was a Polish-Lithuanian force invited into Moscow in 1610 that held the Kremlin until surrendering to Pozharsky in 1612.
Polish Gothic sculpture
Polish Gothic sculpture is the medieval sculpture of Poland from the 13th to early 16th century, best known for Wit Stwosz's St Mary's Altar in Kraków.
Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile (Rząd RP na uchodźstwie), formed in Paris 30 September 1939 under President Raczkiewicz and General Sikorski and seated in London from 1940, was the constitutional continuation of interwar Poland, recognized by the Allies until July 1945 and functioning until 1990.
Polish Haitians
Polish Haitians are descendants of Polish legionnaires Napoleon sent to Saint-Domingue (Haiti) in 1802–1803; about 400 defected or stayed, received Haitian citizenship under the 1805 constitution, and their main community is Cazale (La Pologne) near Port-au-Prince.
Polish hussars
Polish hussars (husaria, winged hussars): heavy shock cavalry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Stefan Batory's 1576 reform, main strike force until the Great Northern War, last great victory Vienna 1683.
Polish Hydrobiological Society
The Polish Hydrobiological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Hydrobiologiczne, PTH) is a Polish scientific association founded in 1959 that supports research in hydrobiology, the study of aquatic organisms.
Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum
The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, founded in London in 1945, is an archive, museum, and library devoted to Polish history, especially the Second World War.
Polish Land Forces
Polish Land Forces (Wojska Lądowe), land branch of Poland's armed forces: territorial defense mission, mechanized and armored units, Rosomak orders, drone programs, and Europe's largest army at 212,000 troops.
Polish language
Polish (język polski), official language of Poland, is a West Slavic Indo-European language with about 43 million speakers, rich inflection, free word order, and dialects including Wielkopolska, Mazovia, and Silesia.
Polish Legions
The Polish Legions (Legiony Polskie) were Polish volunteer formations in the Austro-Hungarian army, created in 1914 under Józef Piłsudski and dissolved in 1917 after soldiers refused an oath to the German emperor.
Polish Military Organisation
The Polish Military Organisation (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa, POW) was a secret Polish military organization formed in Warsaw in August 1914 to fight the Russian partition.
Polish National Committee (1917–1919)
The Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) was an émigré political body founded in Lausanne in 1917 by Roman Dmowski, recognized by the Entente powers.
Polish National Government of 1863
The Polish National Government of 1863 (Rząd Narodowy) was the underground authority of the January Uprising, administering a secret Polish state until its leaders were executed in 1864.
Polish Navy
Polish Navy (Marynarka Wojenna), naval branch of the Polish Armed Forces founded 28 November 1918 by Piłsudski's order; Baltic-focused fleet in NATO since 1999, now modernizing with Miecznik frigates, Kormoran II minehunters, and Orka A26 submarines.
Polish notation
Polish notation, also called prefix notation or Łukasiewicz notation, is a mathematical notation, invented by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1924, in which operators precede their operands.
Polish occupation of the Kremlin (1610–1612)
The Polish occupation of the Kremlin (Польская оккупация Кремля) was the two-year presence of a Polish–Lithuanian garrison in the Moscow Kremlin during the Time of Troubles, from 1610 to 1612.
Polish October
The Polish October (Polski październik) was the political upheaval of October 1956 in Poland, when Władysław Gomułka became First Secretary and Poland gained some autonomy from Moscow.
Polish Ombudsman
The Polish Ombudsman (Polish: Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich, RPO) is Poland's independent constitutional organ for safeguarding the rights and freedoms of citizens, created by a 1987 act and operative since 1988.
Polish Operation of the NKVD
The Polish Operation of the NKVD (Польская операция НКВД) was a mass repression of Soviet citizens of Polish nationality from 1937 to 1938, during the Great Terror.
Polish orthography
Polish orthography (ortografia polska): the spelling rules of Polish, based on phonetic, morphological, historical, and conventional principles, codified in 1936 and reformed by the Polish Language Council with changes effective 1 January 2026.
Polish people
Polish people (Polacy): the nation and ethnic group of Poland, defined by self-declared nationality; 98.8% of residents declared Polish in the 2021 census, with a diaspora once estimated at up to 12 million.
Polish People's Party
Polish People's Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL), Polish agrarian conservative party founded 1895 in Rzeszów as Stronnictwo Ludowe, renamed PSL 1903; led by Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz, in the Third Way coalition and Tusk's government since 2023.
Polish People's Party „Wyzwolenie”
The Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe "Wyzwolenie") was a left-leaning Polish agrarian party, founded in Warsaw in 1915, that advocated radical land reform and cooperated with the socialists.
Polish People's Republic
Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL), the Soviet-bloc communist Polish state named by the 1952 constitution and ruled by the PZPR until the 1989 Round Table, election, and restoration of the Republic of Poland.
Polish plait
Polish plait, or plica polonica, is a rare condition in which scalp hair twists and mats irreversibly into a hard, compact mass, usually treated by cutting it out.
Polish Plebiscite Commission
The Polish Plebiscite Commission (Polski Komisariat Plebiscytowy) was the Polish representative body in Upper Silesia under the Inter-Allied Commission, led by Wojciech Korfanty from Bytom, 1920 to 1922.