All articles starting with P
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Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
The Polish population transfers of 1944–1946 were reciprocal forced migrations moving Poles from the Soviet-annexed eastern territories into postwar Poland while Ukrainians and Belarusians were moved out.
Polish Rally Championship
Polish Rally Championship (RSMP, Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski), Poland's top national rally series run by PZM; 71st season in 2026 with six asphalt rounds including Rally Poland, an FIA ERC round; 2025 champions Matulka and Syty.
Polish Renaissance
The Polish Renaissance, called the "Golden Age" (złoty wiek), was the sixteenth-century flowering of Renaissance humanism and literature in Poland, led by Jan Kochanowski and Mikołaj Rej.
Polish resistance movement in World War II
Polish resistance movement in World War II: the Polish Underground State and its Home Army (Armia Krajowa), about 350,000 strong by 1944, fighting German and Soviet occupation until dissolution on 19 January 1945.
Polish Romanticism
Polish Romanticism (romantyzm polski) was the literary and artistic movement that shaped Polish culture from 1822 to 1863, when partitioned Poland had no state of its own.
Polish Round Table Agreement
The Polish Round Table Agreement (Okrągły Stół) was a 1989 settlement between Poland's communist authorities and Solidarity that led to partially free elections and the end of communist rule.
Polish Round Table Talks
The Polish Round Table Talks (Okrągły Stół) were 1989 negotiations in Warsaw between Poland's communist government and Solidarity, legalizing the union and scheduling partially free elections.
Polish School of Reportage
The Polish School of Reportage (polska szkoła reportażu) is a tradition of literary journalism in Poland in which writers report real events with the craft of literature.
Polish Scouting and Guiding Association
The Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (Polish: Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, ZHP) is Poland's largest scouting and guiding organization, a co-educational youth movement founded in 1918.
Polish Socialist Party
Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS), founded November 1892 in Paris; socialist and independence-oriented Polish party led early by Piłsudski, split 1906, merged into PZPR 1948, revived 1987.
Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry
Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry, or ZPAV (Związek Producentów Audio-Video), Poland's record producers association and collecting society since 1991; publishes OLiS charts, awards gold, platinum, and diamond certifications, and organizes the Fryderyk awards.
Polish space
A Polish space, or Polish metric space, is a separable, completely metrizable topological space; examples include ℝⁿ, and the concept is central to descriptive set theory.
Polish State Police
The Polish State Police (Policja Państwowa) was the unified state police force of the Second Polish Republic, created in 1919, whose captured officers were murdered at Katyn in 1940 before its dissolution in 1944.
Polish State Railways
Polish State Railways (Polskie Koleje Państwowe, PKP) is the Polish state railway enterprise, established in 1926 by decree, operating as the parent company of the PKP Group.
Polish Underground State
Polish Underground State (Polskie Państwo Podziemne, Polish Secret State): clandestine civil and military institutions of the Republic of Poland in 1939–1945 under the government-in-exile, with the Government Delegation, underground courts, and the Home Army.
Polish United Workers' Party
The Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was the ruling Marxist–Leninist party of communist Poland from 1948 to 1989, created by a forced merger of the PPR and PPS.
Polish Workers' Party
The Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland, founded in 1942 and merged into the Polish United Workers' Party in 1948.
Polish złoty
The Polish złoty is the currency of Poland, divided into 100 grosze and issued by Narodowy Bank Polski; redenominated in 1995, it has floated freely since 2000.
Polish-Russian War of 1792
The Polish-Russian War of 1792, the war in defense of the Constitution of 3 May, was fought between the Commonwealth and Russia, ending in the Second Partition.
Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts
The Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts were disputes between the Second Polish Republic and First Czechoslovak Republic in 1918–1920 over Cieszyn Silesia, Spiš, and Orava, including the Seven-Day War of 1919.
Polish–Hungarian Union
The Polish–Hungarian Union (Unia polsko-węgierska) was a personal union in which Poland and Hungary shared a monarch, under Louis I (1370–1382) and Władysław III (1440–1444).
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita of Two Nations): federal state of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, created by the 1569 Union of Lublin, ruled by an elected monarch and joint Sejm, partitioned out of existence by 1795.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy was the naval force of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, built by Sigismund III Vasa, victorious at Oliwa in 1627, and sold in Amsterdam in 1640–1643.
Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow
The Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow (1610–1612) was the two-year presence of Commonwealth troops holding the Kremlin and Kitay-gorod until the garrison capitulated to Pozharsky's militia in November 1612.
Polish–Lithuanian War
The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared conflict between newly independent Poland and Lithuania after World War I, fought mainly over Vilnius, ending with a truce in 1920 that left the region to Poland.
Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, known in Polish historiography as the Great War with the Teutonic Order, was fought from 1409 to 1411, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
The Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676, also called the Second Polish–Ottoman War (Polish: wojna polsko-turecka 1672–1676), was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, allied with the Crimean Khanate.
Polish–Romanian alliance
The Polish–Romanian alliance was a defensive military alliance between the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania, signed in Bucharest in 1921 and directed chiefly against the Soviet threat.
Polish–Soviet Border Treaty of 1945
The Polish–Soviet Border Treaty of 1945 is the agreement signed at Moscow on 16 August 1945 that fixed Poland's eastern border along the Curzon Line with small deviations favoring Poland.
Polish–Soviet War
The Polish-Soviet War (wojna polsko-bolszewicka) was the 1919-1921 conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Soviet Russia, fought over undefined eastern borderlands. Key events: the Kiev expedition, Battle of Warsaw 1920, and Treaty of Riga.