All articles starting with P
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Political appointments of the Trump administration
Political appointments of the Trump administration: over 4,000 presidential posts filled across Trump's 2017-2021 and 2025- terms, including beachhead teams, Schedule F and Schedule Policy/Career reclassification, Schedule G, and record Cabinet turnover.
Political arithmetic
Political arithmetic is Sir William Petty's seventeenth-century method of applying numerical measurement to affairs of state, expressing questions of population, land, trade, and revenue in number, weight, or measure.
Political business cycle
The political business cycle is the pattern in which incumbent governments loosen fiscal and monetary policy before elections and tighten afterward to improve reelection prospects, strongest in newer democracies.
Political campaign
Political campaign: organized effort to persuade voters and mobilize turnout via canvassing, phones, mail, and advertising. Field experiments find near-zero general-election persuasion effects, modest mobilization gains, and rising AI and digital campaigning.
Political career of Donald Trump
Political career of Donald Trump: real estate developer and reality TV host (born 1946) who won the presidency in 2016 and 2024 as a Republican, lost in 2020, was impeached twice and acquitted, and is the only president besides Cleveland with non-consecutive terms.
Political colour
Political colour: hues adopted by parties and movements as identifiers. Red marks the left, blue the right in most democracies (inverted in the US); a study of 308 party logos in 35 democracies confirmed chromatic isomorphism.
Political commissar
Political commissar: a party representative officer in communist armed forces, from the 1918 Red Army's dual command to the PLA's continuous shuangshouzhang zhi system, covering political education, loyalty enforcement, and command authority.
Political Consultative Committee
The Political Consultative Committee (Polityczny Komitet Porozumiewawczy) was the underground political representation of occupied Poland, created in February 1940 by the four main Polish parties and serving as adviser to the Government Delegation.
Political Consultative Conference
The Political Consultative Conference (政治协商会议) was a multi-party conference held in Chongqing in January 1946, where the Kuomintang, Communist Party, and others adopted five agreements.
Political Consultative Conference Resolutions (1946)
The Political Consultative Conference Resolutions (政治协商会议决议) were five agreements adopted unanimously in Chongqing on 31 January 1946, covering government reorganization, the National Assembly, and a constitutional draft.
Political correctness
Political correctness (PC): avoiding language or behavior that may offend particular groups; term usually used disapprovingly. Traced to 1793 and Maoist China's 1930s party line, pejorative since the 1980s US campus culture wars.
Political corruption
Political corruption is the misuse of public office for private gain, spanning bribery, patronage, and state capture. Measured by indices such as Transparency International's CPI (2025 global average 42/100) and the World Bank WGI, it shows declining scores in many democracies and a persistent gap between anti-corruption rules and enforcement.
Political culture
Political culture: the shared meanings and values that legitimate or challenge a polity's institutions. Key figures Almond and Verba (The Civic Culture, 1963), Wildavsky, Inglehart; measured mainly via cross-national surveys.
Political Department
The Political Department was the branch of the Government of British India responsible for relations with the princely states, headed by a Secretary advising the Viceroy.
Political drama
Political drama: drama in film, television, or live performance addressing political issues, events, or people; also called political theatre. Spans Brechtian epic theatre, TV series like The West Wing, and the political thriller genre.
Political economy
Political economy, also called political economics, is the study of how political power, institutions, and economic activity interact, from Adam Smith's science of wealth to modern economics applied to politics.
Political economy of communications
Political economy of communication (传播政治经济学): critical media-studies tradition founded by Dallas Smythe and Herbert Schiller, organized around Mosco's commodification, spatialization, and structuration, analyzing ownership, advertising, and policy power in media.
Political families of Haryana
Hereditary political dynasties of Haryana, India: the three Lals (Bansi Lal, Devi Lal, Bhajan Lal), the Hoodas of Rohtak, and the Bishnois of Hisar, who ruled the state about 53 of 58 years and gave India the turncoat phrase Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram.
Political families of Maharashtra
Political families of Maharashtra: dynastic networks such as the Pawars, Thackerays, Mundes, and Chavans dominating state politics; over 50 prominent families, 34% of major-party 2024 candidates dynasts, power rooted in cooperatives.
Political fiction
Political fiction, also called the political novel, is fiction that offers insight into political systems, events, theories, and figures, spanning war, revolution, dystopia, and political thrillers.
Political freedom
Political freedom: ability to participate in politics and act without arbitrary interference. Key concepts are negative, positive, and republican liberty; measured by Freedom House, V-Dem, and EIU indices amid 20 years of global decline.
Political geography
Political geography, the human-geography subdiscipline of the spatial dimensions of politics, covers territory, borders, scale, sovereignty, and the state. Founded by Ratzel; geopolitics (Kjellén) is one of its scales; flagship journal Political Geography dates to 1982.
Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four
Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four: Orwell's fictional division of the world into the warring superstates Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia plus a disputed equatorial battlefield, inspired by the 1943 Tehran and 1945 Potsdam spheres-of-influence agreements.
Political globalization
Political globalization is the extension of political authority and cooperation beyond nation-states, driven by transborder problems like terrorism and human rights. Key debates: Held and McGrew's hyperglobalist, skeptic, transformationalist camps and the integration-sovereignty-democracy trilemma.
Political groups of the European Parliament
Political groups of the European Parliament: transnational parliamentary formations (currently eight) in which MEPs sit by political affiliation, not nationality, requiring at least 23 MEPs from seven member states, with EPP largest at 188 seats in 2024-2029.
Political ideologies in the United States
Political ideologies in the United States: liberalism and conservatism as expressed through the Democratic and Republican parties, record 45% independent identification, nine-group typologies, and multidimensional ideology research.
Political impact of Taylor Swift
Political impact of Taylor Swift: the American singer-songwriter's endorsements and voter-registration drives. First endorsed in 2018, backed Biden in 2020 and Harris in 2024; registration spikes of 105,000 and 35,252 followed her posts.
Political integration of India
Political integration of India: the 1947–1950 process by which about 565 princely states joined the Indian Union via Instruments of Accession, led by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon, with Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir as hard cases, followed by mergers, privy purses, and the 1971 abolition.
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: Littlefield's 1964 Populist parable thesis, Rockoff's free-silver monetary allegory, feminist and theosophical readings, and the contested question of Baum's intent.
Political life of Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood's political career: Republican-registered libertarian, mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea elected 1986, McCain 2008 and Romney 2012 endorser, and the 2012 RNC empty-chair speech.