All articles starting with P
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Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)
The Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) pitted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Sweden over Livonia and Baltic trade, beginning when Sigismund III Vasa claimed Estonia in 1600 and ending with the Truce of Altmark in September 1629.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)
Polish–Ukrainian conflict 1939–1947: armed struggle between OUN-UPA and the Polish Home Army, the Volhynia massacres of about 100,000 Poles, the 1944–46 population exchange, and Operation Vistula's 1947 deportation of 140,575 Ukrainians.
Polish–Ukrainian War
Polish–Ukrainian War (wojna polsko-ukraińska 1918–1919), conflict between reborn Poland and the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) over eastern Galicia; began 1 November 1918 in Lviv, ended with the UHA's July 1919 crossing of the Zbruch and Polish rule confirmed in 1923.
Polish, Czechoslovak and Romanian aviation regiments in the Cold War
The Polish, Czechoslovak and Romanian aviation regiments in the Cold War were national-manned Warsaw Pact tactical air formations, built on Soviet patterns and dissolved between 1989 and 1995.
Polistes
Polistes, known as umbrella wasps, is a cosmopolitan genus of paper wasps, the only genus in the tribe Polistini, with over 200 species on all six habitable continents.
Polistes atrimandibularis
This permanent parasite does not have a worker caste and relies on hosts to rear its brood, exploiting four host species, including Polistes biglumis.
Polistes biglumis
Polistes biglumis (mountain paper wasp, Berg-Feldwespe), a boreo-montane social paper wasp of the Alps, Apennines, and Central Asia; alpine-adapted, ESE-oriented nests, low metabolic rate, host of Polistes atrimandibularis.
Polistes carnifex
Polistes carnifex, the executioner wasp, is the largest Neotropical Polistes paper wasp (up to 33 mm), ranging from the southern US to Argentina, building open-faced pendant nests and small colonies of 4 to 13 adults.
Polistes carolina
Polistes carolina, the fine-backed red paper wasp (formerly Vespa carolina), is a rust-colored eusocial wasp of the eastern and south-central United States, nesting openly under eaves; part of a cryptic species complex with P. rubiginosus.
Polistes dorsalis
Polistes dorsalis (hunter's little paper wasp) is a small North American paper wasp of the P. fuscatus group, 10–13 mm fore wing, nesting in shrubs and under eaves, with five subspecies from the US to Costa Rica and the Bahamas.
Polistes exclamans
Polistes exclamans, the guinea paper wasp (Viereck, 1906), a North American social paper wasp with single-layered open nests, satellite nesting, early male production, gerontocratic queen replacement, and flexible adult caste determination.
Polistes nimpha
Polistes nimpha (Christ, 1791) is a Eurasiatic primitively eusocial paper wasp of the P. dominula species group, nesting on low herbs such as Hypericum and Tanacetum at 15–25 cm, with east-facing combs and high early nest mortality.
Polistes pacificus
Polistes pacificus is a paper wasp species described by Fabricius in 1804 (Systema Piezatorum), in Vespidae, Polistinae, Polistini; Neotropical type material from Pará, Brazil, and in the US restricted to the southern tip of Texas.
Polistes semenowi
Polistes semenowi (Morawitz, 1889), cuckoo paper wasp, an obligate social parasite of Polistes dominula in S and C Europe to Central Asia; P. sulcifer synonymized 2017, W/SW European populations split as P. austroccidentalis; mimics host colony hydrocarbons.
Polistes snelleni
Polistes snelleni (コアシナガバチ, 별쌍살벌) is a small temperate paper wasp of the subgenus Polistella, native to Korea, Japan, and Manchuria; a solitary-founding species whose foundress builds 40–55 cells and whose biology was studied in Sapporo by Yamane.
Polistes venom
Polistes venom, the venom of paper wasps (Polistes spp., Vespidae), causes vespid sting allergy in the US and Mediterranean Europe; key allergens Pol d 1-5, including Antigen 5, with P. dominula and mixed American Polistes immunotherapy products.
Politburo
The Politburo (Политбюро) was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee, the supreme power in the USSR from 1919 to 1991.
Politburo of the Central Committee
The Politburo of the Central Committee (Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б)) was the Communist Party's standing decision-making body, the supreme organ of Soviet power from 1919 to 1952.
Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
The Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央政治局) is the party's top decision-making body, founded in 1924 or 1927, whose 1943 reorganization concentrated power in Chairman Mao Zedong.
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (Политбюро ЦК КПСС), the Soviet Union's highest decision-making body of top party and state officials; weekly sessions under the General Secretary, from Stalin's enforcer body to Brezhnev's collective leadership.
Politburo Standing Committee
The Politburo Standing Committee (中共中央政治局常務委員會) is the Chinese Communist Party body that handles the party's daily affairs between meetings of the Politburo and the Central Committee, formally re-established in 1956.
Politechnika Warszawska PW-5
The Politechnika Warszawska PW-5, also known as the PZL PW-5, is a Polish single-seat composite glider that won the FAI competition to become the World Class glider in 1993.
Politeness theory
Politeness theory, chiefly Brown and Levinson's 1978/1987 face-saving model built on Lakoff (1973) and Leech (1983), explains how speakers mitigate face-threatening acts using positive and negative politeness strategies, and how critics challenged its universality.
Política indiana
Política indiana is a 1647 Castilian treatise by the Spanish jurist Juan de Solórzano Pereira systematizing the law and government of the Spanish Indies, from conquest to royal treasury.
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union: systematic confinement of dissidents in psychiatric hospitals, chiefly via "sluggish schizophrenia" diagnoses at the Serbsky Institute, WPA resignation in 1983, and later resurgence in Russia.
Political action committee
Political action committee (PAC): US political committee that is neither a party nor a candidate committee; includes SSFs, nonconnected PACs, leadership PACs, and super PACs, which raise unlimited money for independent expenditures.
Political activities of Elon Musk
Political activities of Elon Musk: his evolution from bipartisan donor (giving since 2002) to 2024 Trump endorsement, record America PAC spending above $260 million, DOGE leadership, X platform politics, and the 2026 midterm spending push.
Political Administration of the Red Army
The Political Administration of the Red Army (Политическое управление РККА, PUR), created in 1919, directed all party-political work in the Soviet armed forces, later headed by Mekhlis and Shcherbakov.
Political apathy
Political apathy is disinterest in voting and political activity, distinguished from alienation and disillusionment. Covers causes, youth turnout gaps, measurement debates, and remedies such as compulsory voting.
Political appointments of the second Trump administration
Political appointments of the second Trump administration cover Cabinet nominees, Schedule F/G reclassification, record transition pace, loyalty-based selection, 56% A-Team turnover, and 16% non-white confirmations in the first 100 days.