All articles starting with P
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Politics of Canada
Politics of Canada: federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy under King Charles III; 343-seat FPTP House of Commons, appointed 105-member Senate, Prime Minister Mark Carney's Liberal majority government since 2025-2026.
Politics of China
Politics of China is a Leninist party-state characterized by interlocking party and government hierarchies. Xi Jinping has held the general secretary post since 2012.
Politics of Cuba
Politics of Cuba: single-party socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), also called Partido Comunista de Cuba. One legal party, no free elections, ~700 political prisoners (2025), and 176 free-market measures passed June 2026.
Politics of Denmark
Politics of Denmark: a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy under the 1849/1953 constitution, with a 179-seat unicameral Folketing, 12 parties, minority and coalition governments, and Mette Frederiksen's four-party center-left government since June 2026.
Politics of Eritrea
Politics of Eritrea: a one-party authoritarian state under President Isaias Afwerki and the PFDJ (formerly the EPLF), with no elections since 1993, an unimplemented 1997 constitution, indefinite national service, and shifting alliances with Ethiopia, Egypt, and Somalia.
Politics of Finland
Politics of Finland: parliamentary republic with a 200-member Eduskunta, a Government led by the Prime Minister, and a directly elected six-year President sharing foreign policy power; NATO member since 2023.
Politics of food in the Arab–Israeli conflict
Politics of food in the Arab–Israeli conflict: control of food, agriculture and cuisine between Israelis and Palestinians, covering the Gaza siege and famine, West Bank access restrictions, and contests over hummus, falafel and Israeli versus Palestinian culinary identity.
Politics of France
Politics of France: the Fifth Republic's semi-presidential system under the 1958 Constitution, with a directly elected president, a 577-seat National Assembly, and a tripartite, majority-less parliament since 2024.
Politics of Georgia (country)
Politics of Georgia (Sakartvelo): parliamentary republic since 2018 with a 150-seat Parliament, Electoral College-elected president, and Georgian Dream dominance; EU candidate since 2023 but accession halted after the contested 2024 election and November 2024 suspension of EU talks.
Politics of Germany
Politics of Germany: federal parliamentary democracy under the 1949 Basic Law. Bundestag, Bundesrat, elected chancellor, coalition rule since 1949; current CDU/CSU–SPD Merz government after the February 2025 snap election.
Politics of Greece
Politics of Greece: the Hellenic Republic's parliamentary republic under the 1975 Constitution (revised 1986, 2001, 2008, 2019), with a 300-seat unicameral Parliament, ceremonial President, 3% electoral threshold, and ND-PASOK alternation.
Politics of Hungary
Politics of Hungary: parliamentary republic with unicameral 199-seat National Assembly, prime minister-led executive. Fidesz ruled from 2010 under Orbán until Tisza's April 2026 landslide under Péter Magyar began reversing the Orbán-era system.
Politics of India
Politics of India: federal parliamentary republic under the 1950 Constitution, Westminster model, strong-center federalism, Congress dominance, 1975 Emergency, coalition era, BJP-led NDA third term since 2024.
Politics of Indonesia
Politics of Indonesia: unitary presidential republic under the 1945 Constitution and Pancasila, with a directly elected president, 580-seat DPR, 4% electoral threshold, eight post-2024 parties, radical 1999 decentralisation, and the 2024 Prabowo–Gibran transition.
Politics of Iran
Politics of Iran: the Islamic Republic's hybrid system of elected president and Majlis under the Supreme Leader's velayat-e faqih, Guardian Council vetting, and the 2026 war succession to Mojtaba Khamenei.
Politics of Iraq
Politics of Iraq: federal constitutional democracy under the 2005 constitution with ethno-sectarian muhasasa power-sharing, a 329-seat Council of Representatives, and the 2026 government of President Nizar Amedi and Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi.
Politics of Italy
Politics of Italy (politica italiana): parliamentary republic since the 1946 referendum (54.27% Republic), with a seven-year indirectly elected President, bicameral confidence government, frequent electoral-law changes, and the Meloni government's record tenure since 2022.
Politics of Japan
Politics of Japan: multiparty parliamentary democracy under the 1947 Constitution, with the Diet electing the prime minister. Defined by LDP one-party dominance since 1955, the 1994 mixed-member electoral reform, and Sanae Takaichi's record 316-seat 2026 election win.
Politics of Jordan
Politics of Jordan: constitutional monarchy under the 1952 constitution where King Abdullah II appoints the government, Senate, and security chiefs; bicameral parliament, 2022 electoral and parties laws, Islamic Action Front's 31-seat 2024 result, IMF-backed economy.
Politics of Kazakhstan
Politics of Kazakhstan: presidential unitary republic since 1991 independence. Ruled by Nazarbayev 1991-2019, then Tokayev; 2022 and 2026 constitutional referendums created a unicameral Kurultai while concentrating presidential power, and elections are rated not free.
Politics of Lebanon
Politics of Lebanon: a parliamentary democratic republic (independent 1943) with confessional power-sharing; Maronite president, Sunni PM, Shia speaker; Taif Agreement 1989; 128-seat parliament; Joseph Aoun president since 2025.
Politics of Libya
Politics of Libya: from the 1951 UN-sponsored monarchy under King Idris, through Gaddafi's 1969 coup and 1977 jamahiriya, to the post-2011 east-west institutional division and stalled elections.
Politics of Liechtenstein
Politics of Liechtenstein: a constitutional hereditary monarchy where state power is shared by the Prince and the People, with a powerful monarch, direct democracy, and a 25-seat Landtag under Prime Minister Brigitte Haas since 2025.
Politics of Malaysia
Politics of Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a Westminster parliamentary system, where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is head of state and the Prime Minister heads government.
Politics of Mexico
The politics of Mexico take place in a federal presidential republic of 31 states plus Mexico City under the 1917 Constitution, after a century of instability and one-party hegemony.
Politics of Minnesota
Politics of Minnesota: DFL (Democratic-Farmer-Labor) versus Republican competition in a light-blue state; Democratic presidential streak since the New Deal, no GOP statewide win since 2006, and a widening urban-rural divide.
Politics of Monaco
Politics of Monaco: a hereditary constitutional monarchy under the 1962 (rev. 2002) constitution. The Prince holds executive power, appoints a French-listed Minister of State, and shares legislation with the 24-seat National Council.
Politics of Mongolia
Politics of Mongolia: parliamentary democracy since the peaceful 1990 transition, governed under the 1992 constitution by a 126-seat State Great Hural, a six-year-term president, and MPP–Democratic Party competition, with corruption and 2025–26 government instability as defining issues.
Politics of Morocco
Politics of Morocco is the constitutional monarchy under King Mohammed VI, who holds authority over foreign policy and security, while an elected parliament and head of government handle daily lawmaking.
Politics of Myanmar
Politics of Myanmar: government of the former British Burma since 1948 independence, marked by military coups in 1962, 1988, and 2021, the 2008 constitution's military quota, the SAC junta versus the NUG, and ASEAN's Five-Point Consensus.