All articles starting with P
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Politics of Turkey
Politics of Turkey (Türkiye siyaseti): the presidential republic's system since 1923, from Atatürk's single-party secular state through military interventions and AKP rule to the 2017 executive presidency and competitive authoritarianism.
Politics of Turkmenistan
Politics of Turkmenistan: a consolidated authoritarian presidential republic under President Serdar Berdimuhamedov and national leader Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, ruled by the DPT since 1991, with controlled elections, a unicameral Mejlis, and permanent neutrality.
Politics of Ukraine
Politics of Ukraine: semi-presidential republic under the 1996 Constitution, amended after the 2004 Orange Revolution and 2013-14 Euromaidan (Revolution of Dignity); since February 2022 governed under martial law with elections postponed, amid EU accession efforts and anticorruption struggles.
Politics of Vatican City
Politics of Vatican City: an elective absolute monarchy and theocracy under the pope, governed by the Fundamental Law (2023, replaced 31 July 2026 by Leo XIV), with a Pontifical Commission, Governorate, and no political parties.
Politics of Vietnam
Politics of Vietnam: single-party socialist republic led by the Communist Party of Vietnam under the 1992 and 2013 constitutions; four-pillar leadership consolidated under To Lam in 2026; National Assembly elections with party-vetted candidates.
Politics of Zimbabwe
Politics of Zimbabwe: governance under the 2013 constitution in a republic dominated by ZANU-PF since 1980, covering the Mugabe era, disputed 2023 elections, repression, and the 2026 amendment extending Mnangagwa's term to 2030.
PolitiFact
PolitiFact is a nonprofit U.S. political fact-checking website founded in 2007 by Bill Adair at the Tampa Bay Times, owned by the Poynter Institute since 2018, known for its six-level Truth-O-Meter ratings, 2009 Pulitzer Prize, and annual Lie of the Year.
Polity
Polity: a society organized as a political unit, or its form of government; from Greek politeia via Latin. Broader than the state; central to Easton's systems theory, Skocpol's polity-centered approach, and the Polity democracy index.
Polity data series
Polity data series: Gurr-founded longitudinal dataset coding state authority traits from 1800 on, scoring democracy minus autocracy from -10 to +10, compared with Freedom House and V-Dem indices.
Poliudie
Poliudie (Полюдье) was the annual circuit by the princes of Kievan Rus' and their armed retinues to collect tribute, reformed by Princess Olga after Prince Igor was killed in 945.
Poliuhan Baling
Poliuhan Baling (破六韩拔陵) led the Six Garrisons rebellion against Northern Wei, defeating several Wei commanders before being routed by the Rouran and fleeing south across the River.
Poliziano
Poliziano (Angelo Ambrogini, 1454–1494), Florentine Renaissance humanist, poet, and philologist; Medici protégé, author of the Stanze, Orfeo, a Latin Iliad translation, and the Miscellanea.
Polje
Polje (Slavic for "field"): a large flat-floored closed depression in karst, drained underground via ponors, prone to months-long intermittent lakes; term from the Dinaric karst.
POLK
POLK (DINB1) is the human gene at 5q13.3 encoding DNA polymerase kappa, a Y-family translesion synthesis polymerase that bypasses N2-guanine minor groove DNA adducts and is linked to genome integrity and cancer.
Polk County, Florida
Polk County, Florida: interior peninsula county established February 8, 1861, named for President James K. Polk, seat Bartow, largest city Lakeland; about 600 lakes, phosphate and citrus heritage, 874,790 residents in 2025.
Polk County, Iowa, United States
Polk County, Iowa, county seat Des Moines (state capital), established January 1846 and named for President James K. Polk; Iowa's most populous county, 516,546 residents in 2025, on the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers.
Polk Power Station
Polk Power Station is a natural gas-fired power plant operated by Tampa Electric Company in Polk County, Florida, with over 1,400 MW across two units.
Polka
Polka: a fast Bohemian couple dance and music genre in 2/4 time, originating around 1830 near Prague; also called pulka (half-step). Spread through Europe in the 1840s and carried by immigrants to Texas, the Midwest, and Mexico.
Polka dot
A polka dot is one of a number of round spots forming a regular pattern, especially on fabric, a fashion motif named for the polka dance craze.
Polka-Dot Man
Polka-Dot Man (Abner Krill), also Mr. Polka-Dot, is a DC Comics Batman villain created by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff, debuting in Detective Comics #300 (1962) with transforming weapon dots, later reinvented tragically in The Suicide Squad (2021).
Poll Production
Poll Production is a Turkish music production, artist management, and concert promotion company founded in 1996 by Polat Yağcı in Istanbul, managing around 40 artists and formerly trading as Poll Organizasyon.
Poll tax
A poll tax, also called a head tax or capitation tax, is a fixed sum levied on each person regardless of income or property, used historically as a voting prerequisite in the American South.
Poll tax (Great Britain)
The poll tax, formally the community charge, was a flat-rate local tax on almost every adult in Britain, introduced in 1989 and abolished in 1993 after mass non-payment and riots.
Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852
The Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 was a Gold Coast law, enacted in April 1852, that levied one shilling per person and promised to fund education and medical aid.
Poll taxes of 1376–1381
The poll taxes of 1376–1381 were three per-capita taxes granted by English Parliaments between 1377 and 1380, levied on every lay person rather than on property or goods.
Poll-tax census and revision (1718–1724)
The poll-tax census of 1718–1724 was a count of Russia's taxable male souls ordered by Peter I, on which the poll tax was introduced in 1724.
Pollachius pollachius
Pollachius pollachius, the pollack (also lythe, lieu jaune, abadejo), is a northeast Atlantic gadid fish from Norway and Iceland to the Bay of Biscay, reaching 130 cm and 18.1 kg, caught mainly as bycatch and now under strict ICES catch limits.
Pollachius virens
Pollachius virens, saithe, coalfish, coley, or pollock, a North Atlantic gadid fish of the family Gadidae; dark-backed, 60-90 cm typically, five ICES stock units, major commercial fisheries, lean high-protein flesh.
Pollack
Pollack, a 19th-century German four-player partnership point-trick card game with no trumps, derived from Tressette and akin to Quatre Sept; 32 cards ranked 10-9-A-K-Q-J-8-7, declarations score bonus points, first team to 21 wins.
Pollack (Martian crater)
Pollack is a 95 km wide impact crater in Mars' southern hemisphere, named in 1997 for NASA scientist James B. Pollack and known for its "White Rock" feature.