All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Process analysis
Process analysis is the systematic examination of the steps in a business process to understand how it works and identify areas for improvement, notably through process value analysis, which targets non-value-added activities for elimination.
Process analytical technology
Process analytical technology (PAT) is an FDA framework, formalized in 2004, for designing and controlling pharmaceutical manufacturing through real-time measurements so quality is built in rather than tested afterward.
Process and Reality
Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology, Alfred North Whitehead's 1929 magnum opus from his Edinburgh Gifford Lectures, presents process metaphysics, the philosophy of organism, with actual occasions, prehension, concrescence, and creativity replacing substance philosophy.
Process capability
Process capability is a statistical comparison of an in-control process's output against its specification limits, using dimensionless indices such as Cp, Cpk, and Cpm; a process is capable when nearly all output falls within limits.
Process capability index
The process capability index, or Cpk index, is a statistic comparing a stable process's natural variability with its specification limits; Cp measures spread and Cpk penalizes off-center means.
Process Church of the Final Judgment
The Process Church of the Final Judgment was a new religious movement founded in London in 1966 by Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston, disbanded in 1993.
Process costing
Process costing is a cost accounting method that charges costs to processes and averages them over identical units, used in mass production of chemicals, food, steel, and oil.
Process engineering
Process engineering is the branch of engineering that designs, controls, and optimizes industrial processes converting raw materials into products, most prominently in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Process flow diagram
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a schematic drawing used by chemical engineers to show a plant's process equipment, the streams connecting them, and stream conditions.
Process hazard analysis
Process hazard analysis is a structured, team-based evaluation of the hazards of an industrial process, required under OSHA's Process Safety Management standard and revalidated at least every five years.
Process intensification
Process intensification is a chemical engineering strategy for dramatic improvements in manufacturing by redesigning equipment so plants become much smaller, cleaner, safer, cheaper, and more energy efficient.
Process mapping
Process mapping is a technique for drawing a graphical representation of the events and sequences of activities in a process, used to document, analyze, and improve workflows.
Process mass intensity
Process mass intensity (PMI) is a green chemistry metric defined as total raw material mass, including water, divided by the mass of drug product made.
Process mining
Process mining is a family of techniques that analyze event data recorded by information systems to discover, check, and improve business processes, using event logs recording cases, activities, and timestamps.
Process Monitor
Process Monitor (Procmon) is a Microsoft Sysinternals tool by Mark Russinovich that shows real-time file system, Registry, and process/thread activity on Windows, combining the legacy Filemon and Regmon utilities after Microsoft acquired Winternals Software in 2006.
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is a teaching method in which students work in small groups on guided-inquiry materials while the instructor facilitates rather than lectures.
Process philosophy
Process philosophy is the metaphysical tradition holding that processes, events, and becoming, not enduring substances, are fundamental to reality. Associated chiefly with Whitehead and Hartshorne, it descends from Heraclitus, Peirce, Bergson, and James.
Process reward model
A process reward model (PRM) is a machine learning model that scores each intermediate step of an AI reasoning trajectory, giving finer-grained supervision than outcome reward models.
Process reward models
A process reward model (PRM) is a model that scores each step of a language model's reasoning, rather than only the final answer, introduced by OpenAI in May 2023.
Process safety management
Process safety management (PSM) is a regulatory framework for identifying and controlling hazards of processes with hazardous chemicals, required by OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.119 since 1992.
Process supervision
Process supervision is an AI training technique that judges each intermediate step of a model's reasoning rather than only the final answer, improving reliability in math.
Process theology
Process theology, also known as neoclassical theism, is a family of theological positions developed from Whitehead's and Hartshorne's metaphysics, holding that God is temporal, mutable, and acts persuasively rather than coercively.
Process tomography
Process tomography is an imaging technique that reconstructs phase fraction, concentration, or velocity inside industrial vessels and pipelines from sensors mounted outside the vessel wall.
Process tracing
Process tracing is a within-case qualitative method that tests hypotheses about causal mechanisms using diagnostic evidence such as archival documents, interviews, and event sequences, rather than statistical comparison of many cases.
Process validation
Process validation: documented evidence, gathered from process design through commercial production, that a pharmaceutical manufacturing process consistently delivers quality product. FDA three-stage lifecycle, EMA continuous process verification, ICH Q7 batch conventions.
Process window (microlithography)
The process window in microlithography is the range of focus and exposure dose over which a printed feature stays within specification, usually plotted in the focus-dose plane.
Process zone
A process zone is the region of material damage ahead of a crack tip where nonlinear processes such as plasticity or microcracking locally reduce strength before the crack grows.
Processed cheese
Processed cheese: cheese melted and emulsified with salts like sodium citrate or phosphate into a shelf-stable, non-ripening product. Invented in Switzerland 1911; patented by James L. Kraft in 1916; includes cheese food and spread grades.
Processed Food
Processed food: any raw agricultural commodity altered by washing, heating, canning, freezing, packaging, and similar procedures; graded by the NOVA system into four groups, with ultra-processed foods (UPF) linked in cohort studies to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Processed meat
Processed meat: meat transformed by salting, curing, fermentation, or smoking for flavor or preservation (hot dogs, ham, sausages, jerky). IARC Group 1 carcinogen; 50 g daily raises colorectal cancer risk about 18%.