All articles starting with P
28,818 articles
Programmable digital coding metasurface
A programmable digital coding metasurface is an engineered electromagnetic surface whose unit cells switch between digital states, letting an FPGA reconfigure its beams in real time.
Programmable logic controller
A programmable logic controller, or PLC, is a ruggedized industrial computer that automates machines by running user-written programs. It began with the Modicon 084 in 1968.
Programmable logic device
A programmable logic device (PLD) is an integrated circuit whose digital logic is configured by the user after manufacture, covering SPLDs, CPLDs, and field-programmable gate arrays.
Programmable matter
Programmable matter is a proposed class of materials whose physical properties, shape, or function can be changed on demand, with computation and actuation embedded throughout the material itself.
Programmable mechanical metamaterial
A programmable mechanical metamaterial is an engineered material whose mechanical properties, such as stiffness and damping, can be controlled through its structure or external stimuli.
Programmable metamaterial
A programmable metamaterial is an artificial material whose electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustic, or thermal behavior can be switched in real time by digital control signals, so one object serves many functions.
Programmable nonlinear mechanical metamaterials
Programmable nonlinear mechanical metamaterials are architected materials whose nonlinear, amplitude-dependent responses can be tuned after manufacture through geometry, magnetic actuation, multi-material printing, or embedded resonators.
Programmable quantum photonic processor
A programmable quantum photonic processor is a reconfigurable integrated optical chip that manipulates quantum states of light, implementing arbitrary unitary transformations by changing control settings rather than hardware.
Programmable reconfigurable mechanical metamaterials
Programmable reconfigurable mechanical metamaterials are architected materials whose stiffness, shape, damping, and Poisson's ratio can be changed on demand, with applications in robotics, morphing structures, and adaptive protection.
Programmable shape-morphing mechanical metamaterial
A programmable shape-morphing mechanical metamaterial is an architected material whose designed unit cells let it morph into different shapes on demand, using heat, light, or magnetic actuation.
Programmable swelling hydrogels
Programmable swelling hydrogels are water-swollen crosslinked polymer networks whose swelling is engineered in space and time, changing shape or function reversibly on demand for soft robotics, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
Programme for International Student Assessment
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a triennial OECD survey testing 15-year-olds in mathematics, reading, and science since 2000, with results that shape national education policy debates.
Programmed Cell Death
Programmed cell death (PCD), also called regulated cell death, is genetically controlled cell suicide including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and caspase-independent forms; term coined by Lockshin and Williams in 1964.
Programmed cell death protein 1
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, CD279) is an inhibitory receptor on activated T cells, discovered by Tasuku Honjo in 1992; blocking it with antibodies such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab is Nobel-recognized cancer immunotherapy.
Programmed Data Processor
Programmed Data Processor (PDP) is the name Digital Equipment Corporation gave its line of interactive, transistorized computers, from the 1960 PDP-1 through the best-selling PDP-8 and 16-bit PDP-11.
Programmed learning
Programmed learning is a teaching method developed in the mid-1950s from B. F. Skinner's work, presenting material in small frames with immediate feedback and self-paced progress.
Programmer
A programmer, also called a computer programmer, is a person who writes, modifies, and tests the code and scripts that allow computer applications to run.
Programming by demonstration
Programming by demonstration is a technique in which a system watches a user perform task examples and infers a generalized program or policy, rather than being programmed explicitly.
Programming language
A programming language is a formal language for communicating algorithms to people and machines, ranging from general-purpose languages like C, Java, and Python to special-purpose notations like SQL and HTML.
Programming paradigm
A programming paradigm is a fundamental style for writing computer programs, with imperative paradigms like procedural and object-oriented and declarative ones like functional and logic.
Programming tool
A programming tool, or development tool, is software developers use to create, examine, maintain, or support other software, such as compilers, debuggers, and version control systems.
Progresa
Progresa (Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación) was Mexico's conditional cash transfer program, launched in 1997 under President Ernesto Zedillo, paying poor rural mothers for children's schooling and health care.
Progress (spacecraft)
Progress (Прогресс) is an uncrewed Russian cargo spacecraft, derived from the Soyuz crew vehicle, that has delivered propellant, water, and dry cargo to space stations since 1978, burning up on reentry after each mission.
Progress (Прогресс) (spacecraft)
Progress (Прогресс) is a Russian robotic cargo spacecraft, an unpiloted Soyuz derivative first launched in 1978 that delivers supplies, propellant, and water to space stations including the ISS.
Progress M
Progress M (Прогресс-М) was a Soviet and Russian cargo spacecraft, the second generation of the Progress resupply vehicle, which flew from 1989 to the 2000s to deliver supplies to Mir and the International Space Station.
Progress M1-5 (Прогресс М1-5)
Progress M1-5 (Прогресс М1-5) was a Russian Progress M1 cargo spacecraft launched in January 2001 to deorbit the fifteen-year-old Mir space station, which reentered over the South Pacific in March 2001.
Progress Party (Denmark)
Fremskridtspartiet (Progress Party, Z), Danish anti-tax protest party founded by Mogens Glistrup in 1972; 28-seat breakthrough in 1973, second largest party; split to form the Danish People's Party in 1995; defunct after 2001.
Progress Party (Norway)
Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet, FrP), Norwegian right-wing populist party founded 8 April 1973 by Anders Lange as an anti-tax party; renamed 1977, led by Carl I. Hagen 1978-2006, in government 2013-2020, best-ever result in 2025.
Progress pipeline
The Progress pipeline (Газопровод «Прогресс»), also called the Yamburg–Western Border of the USSR gas pipeline, runs from the Yamburg gas field to Uzhgorod on the Ukrainian–Slovak border.
Progress Pride flag
The Progress Pride flag, also called the Progress flag, is a 2018 redesign by Daniel Quasar. The flag adds a five-color chevron representing trans, non-binary, and people of color.