All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
Reconfigurable chiral plasmonics
Reconfigurable chiral plasmonics is the branch of nanophotonics studying plasmonic nanostructures whose chiroptical responses or 3D structural handedness can be changed after fabrication by an external stimulus.
Reconfigurable colloidal crystals
Reconfigurable colloidal crystals are ordered lattices of colloidal particles whose structure or symmetry can be deliberately changed by external stimuli such as light or temperature.
Reconfigurable computing
Reconfigurable computing is the practice of computing on programmable hardware such as FPGAs, combining hardware speed and energy efficiency with software flexibility by changing circuits during operation.
Reconfigurable intelligent surface
A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a planar array of mostly passive electromagnetic elements that redirect and focus radio waves under software control, investigated as a 6G technology.
Reconfigurable magnetic metamaterials
Reconfigurable magnetic metamaterials are architected materials whose shape, stiffness, or wave-propagation properties can be changed on demand by an external magnetic field, often using magnetorheological elastomers.
Reconfigurable metamaterial
A reconfigurable metamaterial is an artificial material built from engineered subwavelength structures whose response can be changed after fabrication by heat, light, mechanical deformation, or an electromagnetic field.
Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer
A reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM) is the optical routing node of a fiber network, adding or dropping any wavelength under software control, introduced commercially in the early 2000s.
Reconfigurable plasmonics
Reconfigurable plasmonics is the branch of nanophotonics in which a plasmonic structure's geometry or optical response is actively changed after fabrication, most often using liquid gallium alloys.
Reconfigurable zoned neutral-atom architecture
A reconfigurable zoned neutral-atom architecture is a quantum processor design, introduced by a Harvard-led team in 2023, dividing optical-tweezer-trapped neutral atoms into storage, entangling, and readout zones that atoms physically move between mid-computation.
Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance is a military task of gathering information on enemy forces or terrain through visual observation or other detection means, and one of the three elements of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.
Reconnaissance aircraft
A reconnaissance aircraft, or spyplane, is a military aircraft whose main mission is gathering information using cameras, radar, and signals equipment rather than weapons, spanning spy planes and drones.
Reconnaissance Energy Africa
Reconnaissance Energy Africa (ReconAfrica) is a Canadian junior oil and gas company exploring in the Kavango Sedimentary Basin of northeastern Namibia and northwestern Botswana, upstream of the Okavango Delta, and listed on the TSX Venture Exchange.
Reconnaissance satellite
A reconnaissance satellite, also known as a spy satellite, is an unmanned spacecraft in orbit that collects intelligence, chiefly imagery and intercepted signals; the first successes reached orbit in 1960.
Reconquest of Angola
The Portuguese reconquest of Luanda was the August 1648 recapture of the city from the Dutch West India Company by Salvador Correia de Sa's Brazilian-Portuguese expedition.
Reconquest of Buenos Aires
The Reconquest of Buenos Aires (Reconquista de Buenos Aires) was the recapture of the city from a British occupying force led by William Carr Beresford on 12 August 1806.
Reconquest of Constantinople by Michael VIII
The reconquest of Constantinople by Michael VIII was the capture of the Latin Empire's capital by the Empire of Nicaea on 25 July 1261, ending Latin rule since 1204.
Reconquest of Egypt by Artaxerxes III
The reconquest of Egypt by Artaxerxes III (اردشیر سوم) was the Achaemenid Persian campaign of 343 BC that overthrew pharaoh Nectanebo II and restored Persian rule over Egypt.
Reconquest of Nubia by Mentuhotep II
The reconquest of Nubia by Mentuhotep II (r. c. 2055–2004 BC) was a series of campaigns re-establishing Egyptian control over Lower Nubia, reaching as far south as Buhen.
Reconquista
Reconquista: the 8th–15th-century expansion of the Christian Iberian kingdoms against Muslim al-Andalus, ended by Granada's fall in 1492; also the contested 19th-century nationalist term for it, used by Francoists and the far right.
Reconstitution assay
A reconstitution assay, or reconstitution experiment, is a biochemical method that rebuilds a biological process from purified components to identify the minimal set of factors it requires.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction (Anaparastasi, Αναπαράσταση) is Theo Angelopoulos's 1970 Greek black-and-white feature debut about a magistrate reconstructing a migrant worker's murder by his wife and lover, a landmark of New Greek Cinema.
Reconstruction after the Great Kantō earthquake
Reconstruction after the Great Kantō earthquake, known as the Imperial Capital Reconstruction, rebuilt Tokyo and Yokohama after the September 1923 disaster under Home Minister Gotō Shinpei.
Reconstruction Amendments
The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments (1865-1870), also called the Civil War Amendments, which abolished slavery, established birthright citizenship with due process and equal protection, and barred racial voting discrimination.
Reconstruction and Development Coalition
Reconstruction and Development Coalition (ائتلاف الإعمار والتنمية), Iraqi electoral alliance founded May 2025 by Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani; won first place with 46 of 329 seats in the November 2025 election and joined the Shia Coordination Framework.
Reconstruction and Development Programme
The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was the socio-economic policy framework adopted by South Africa's ANC-led government in 1994, best known for building millions of state-subsidized houses still called RDP houses.
Reconstruction attempts on language isolates
Reconstruction attempts on language isolates describe how linguists recover earlier stages of languages with no demonstrated relatives, using internal reconstruction, philology, loanwords, and cautious comparison with neighboring families.
Reconstruction conjecture
The Reconstruction conjecture, also known as the Kelly–Ulam conjecture, is an unsolved problem in graph theory asserting that every graph on at least three vertices is determined by its vertex-deleted subgraphs.
Reconstruction era
Reconstruction era (1865-1877): the post-Civil War period of rebuilding the Union, the Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, 15th), Black political participation, and its overthrow with the 1877 troop withdrawal.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a US government corporation created in January 1932 under President Hoover to lend to banks and railroads during the Great Depression.
Reconstruction of Germany
Reconstruction of Germany: post-1945 rebuilding under four-power occupation, the Potsdam program, Marshall Plan aid, the 1949 founding of FRG and GDR, and reunification via the 1990 Two Plus Four Treaty.