All articles starting with R
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Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Russian interference in the 2016 US elections: Putin-ordered campaign combining IRA social media disinformation, GRU hack-and-release of Democratic emails, and election infrastructure scanning; confirmed by the 2017 ICA, Mueller report, and Senate Intelligence Committee.
Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections
Russian interference in the 2024 U.S. elections: covert Kremlin-backed influence operations, including Doppelgänger fake news sites, Storm-1516 staged videos, AI-generated disinformation, and $10 million paid to U.S. influencers, aimed at denigrating Harris; no acts of interference found.
Russian intervention in Hungary
The Russian intervention in Hungary was the Russian Empire's 1849 campaign against the Hungarian Revolution, undertaken at Austria's request with about 200,000 men under Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich.
Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
Russia's intervention in the Syrian civil war began with airstrikes on 30 September 2015 supporting Bashar al-Assad; a limited expeditionary campaign costing about $1 billion a year that kept Assad in power until his December 2024 fall, after which Russia retained bases at Hmeimim and Tartus under a 2026 joint training-center agreement.
Russian invasion of Ukraine (Російське вторгнення в Україну)
Russian invasion of Ukraine (Російське вторгнення в Україну), also called the full-scale invasion, began 24 February 2022 from Belarus, Russia, and Crimea, escalating the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian war; Russia occupies about 20 percent of Ukraine with over one million casualties.
Russian irredentism
Russian irredentism: doctrine of annexing territories claimed on historical or ethnic grounds, seen in Crimea 2014, the 2022 annexations, passportisation, and claims that Ukraine is a historic part of Russia.
Russian jokes
Russian jokes (anekdoty, анекдот) are the brief, formulaic oral jokes of Russian-language culture, peaking as Soviet political humor in 1961-1986, marked by diglossia, meta-jokes, ethnic targets like the Chukchi, and legal suppression in modern Russia.
Russian Knights
The Russian Knights (Russkiye Vityazi) are the aerobatic display team of the Russian Air Force, founded in 1991 and based at Kubinka Air Base near Moscow.
Russian lacquer miniature
Russian lacquer miniature (лаковая миниатюра) is a craft of painting detailed scenes on lacquered papier-mâché boxes, practiced at four centers: Fedoskino, Palekh, Mstyora, and Kholui.
Russian language
Russian (русский язык) is the East Slavic state language of Russia, with about 162 million native speakers, a 33-letter Cyrillic alphabet, and a literary standard shaped by Lomonosov and Pushkin.
Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова РАН)
Vinogradov Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова РАН), Moscow RAS institute founded 1944, restored 1958, named for Vinogradov 1995; codifies Russian norms, develops state orthographic and orthoepic dictionaries and the National Corpus of Russian.
Russian Liberation Army (Русская освободительная армия)
Russian Liberation Army (ROA, Русская освободительная армия), collaborationist force of Soviet POWs led by Andrei Vlasov under German command; formally the KONR armed forces from late 1944; its 1st Division briefly fought in the Prague Uprising, May 1945.
Russian literature
Russian literature: the Russian-language literary tradition from Kievan Rus's 988 Christianization through imperial, Soviet socialist-realist, and post-Soviet writing, shaped by state censorship and now tracked by declining print statistics.
Russian mafia (Русская мафия)
Russian mafia (Русская мафия) denotes post-Soviet criminal networks, not one organization: Gulag-born vory v zakone with the ponyatiya code, 1990s protection rackets, transnational diaspora groups, and disputed scale figures.
Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
The Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, also known as RMRS, is Russia's national classification society under the Ministry of Transport, founded in 1913, which surveys ships and assigns class notations.
Russian Mennonites
Russian Mennonites: descendants of Dutch-German Anabaptists who settled Chortitza (1789) and Molotschna (1804) in imperial Ukraine under Catherine II's Privilegium, later emigrating to the Americas; Plautdietsch-speaking, about 200,000 today.
Russian military deception
Russian military deception, maskirovka (маскировка, masking), is Soviet and Russian doctrine unifying camouflage, denial, disinformation, and feints; notable for WWII Stavka directives, drone decoy swarms in Ukraine, and reflexive control.
Russian military recruitment crisis
The Russian military recruitment crisis: since 2025 Russia recruits fewer contract soldiers (195,000 by July 2026 against a 409,000 goal) than it loses in Ukraine, forcing higher bonuses, lower standards, coercion, and foreign recruitment.
Russian modernism
Russian modernism is the cluster of literary movements, including Symbolism, Acmeism, and Futurism, that transformed Russian literature from about 1890 to 1930, overlapping the Silver Age era.
Russian nationalism
Russian nationalism is the set of ideologies that understand Russia and its people as a nation, ranging from civic patriotism to ethnic and imperial nationalism.
Russian Naval Aviation
Russian Naval Aviation (Авиация военно-морского флота России) is the air arm of the Russian Navy, serving the Northern, Pacific, Baltic, and Black Sea Fleets from its origins in 1910.
Russian Navy (Военно-морской флот России)
The Russian Navy (Военно-морской флот России), the naval service of the Russian Armed Forces with Northern, Pacific, Baltic, Black Sea Fleets and Caspian Flotilla, fields about 64 submarines but lost a third of its Black Sea Fleet to Ukrainian strikes after 2022.
Russian nihilism
Russian nihilism (нигилизм) was a radical current of thought among the young Russian intelligentsia of the 1860s, rejecting religion, philosophy, and the existing social order.
Russian nobility
Russian nobility (dvoryanstvo, дворянство), the privileged legal estate of the Russian Empire; open to commoners via Peter I's Table of Ranks (1722); serf-owning until the 1861 emancipation; abolished with the Empire after 1917.
Russian occupation of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Partial Russian occupation of Ukraine's Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, also called the Dnipropetrovsk region incursion, beginning late June 2025 with the village Dachne; Russia claims a buffer zone, Ukraine counterattacked in 2026.
Russian occupation of Ili
The Russian occupation of Ili was the Russian Empire's seizure of the Ili region of Xinjiang from Qing China in June 1871, ended by the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.
Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast
Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast (Херсонська область): Russia's March-November 2022 occupation of southern Ukraine's only captured regional capital, its attempted annexation, documented abuses, and the continuing left-bank occupation and drone campaign.
Russian oil price cap
The Russian oil price cap is a G7, EU, and Australian measure from December 2022 limiting Western shipping and insurance services to Russian oil sold at or below a set price.
Russian oligarchs
Russian oligarchs, also known as oligarchs in Russia, are businessmen who control much of Russia's economy and are involved in politics, with fortunes built on Yeltsin-era privatization.
Russian Olympic Committee
Russian Olympic Committee (Олимпийский комитет России), Russia's national Olympic committee founded in 1911; suspended by the IOC in 2017 and 2023 over doping and Ukrainian territorial claims, suspension provisionally lifted in July 2026.