All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Scaling laws for neural language models
Scaling laws for neural language models are empirical power laws showing that model loss falls predictably with parameters, data, and compute, established by OpenAI's 2020 Kaplan study.
Scaling Monosemanticity (Golden Gate Claude)
Scaling Monosemanticity is a 2024 Anthropic paper reporting that sparse autoencoders extracted roughly 34 million interpretable features from Claude 3 Sonnet, accompanied by the Golden Gate Claude demo.
Scaling relations in electrocatalysis
Scaling relations in electrocatalysis are linear correlations between the adsorption energies of different reaction intermediates on catalyst surfaces, limiting the efficiency of fuel cells, electrolysers, and metal–air batteries.
Scaling-relation overpotential limit in OER
The scaling-relation overpotential limit in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a theoretical minimum overpotential of about 0.37 V, arising because OH and OOH adsorption energies are linearly correlated on a single active site.
Scalino
Scalino is an abstract building board game by Peter Pallat for 2-4 players, first published by Edition Perlhuhn around 1980. Players jointly build a four-level pyramid of 40 steps; connected visible steps of one color score, and it made the 1988 Spiel des Jahres recommended list.
Scallion
Scallion, also called green onion, is a young onion (Allium fistulosum or young A. cepa) harvested before bulbing, with mild flavor; spring onions have small bulbs and stronger taste.
Scallop
Scallop (Pectinidae): marine bivalve molluscs with fan-shaped shells that swim by clapping their valves. 264 species from intertidal to 7000 m; global production about 2.9 million tonnes in 2021 from fisheries and aquaculture.
Scallop (The Bear)
Scallop (The Bear) is season 4, episode 3 of the FX series The Bear, written by Rene Gube and directed by Christopher Storer. Known for Sydney's seared scallop montage set to St. Vincent's 'Slow Disco' and its 2026 Emmy nominations for cinematography and sound mixing.
Scallop aquaculture
Scallop aquaculture: farming pectinid scallops via wild spat collection or hatcheries, grown on long-lines, lantern nets, or sown seabed. Japan pioneered onion-bag spat collection in the 1960s; China leads production with 1.42 million tonnes in 2012.
Scallop fishing
Scallop fishing is the commercial harvesting of wild scallops, mostly by seabed dredges; global wild landings reached 811,000 tonnes in 2019, led by the United States.
Scallop theorem
Scallop theorem, Purcell's low-Reynolds-number result: reciprocal swimmers gain no net displacement in Newtonian fluids; evaded via inertia, non-Newtonian fluids, and fluctuations.
Scalloway
Scalloway, Shetland's historic capital and second largest town (population about 800), a west-coast harbour town with Scalloway Castle, the WWII Shetland Bus base, and the UHI Shetland marine campus at Port Arthur.
Scalmalloy
Scalmalloy is a high-strength aluminum-magnesium-scandium alloy with zirconium developed by Airbus for laser powder bed fusion 3D printing, used in aerospace and motorsports parts like the Airbus bionic partition.
ScAlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors
ScAlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors are GaN transistors with a scandium-alloyed aluminum nitride barrier that raises channel charge density, first grown by MBE in 2017 and pursued for high-power RF uses including 6G.
Scalp
Scalp: the five-layer soft tissue covering the skull (skin, connective tissue, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar tissue, pericranium, mnemonic SCALP), supplied by five paired arteries and trigeminal plus cervical nerves; site of hair growth, dandruff, and alopecia.
Scalp dysaesthesia
Scalp dysaesthesia (scalp dysesthesia), a chronic neurocutaneous condition of scalp itching, burning, and pain without skin findings; diagnosis of exclusion linked to cervical spine disease, psychiatric comorbidity, and neuropathic mechanisms.
Scalp folliculitis
Scalp folliculitis, ICD-11 EG30.0, is inflammation of scalp hair follicles, usually bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes); its severe chronic scarring form is folliculitis decalvans with tufted hairs and permanent hair loss.
Scalp nerve block
A scalp nerve block is a regional anesthesia technique injecting local anesthetic around the scalp's sensory nerves, used for craniotomy pain and to blunt the hemodynamic response to skull pin fixation.
Scalp psoriasis
Scalp psoriasis is psoriasis affecting the scalp, causing well-defined red plaques with silvery scale and flaking that resembles dandruff. It affects about 80% of people with psoriasis.
Scalp reconstruction
Scalp reconstruction is the set of surgical techniques for closing scalp defects, using primary closure, skin grafts, local flaps, tissue expansion, or free tissue transfer, chosen by defect size.
SCALP syndrome
SCALP syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous condition combining a sebaceous nevus, aplasia cutis congenita, an ocular limbal dermoid, and a giant congenital melanocytic nevus with seizures and other brain defects.
Scalp-ear-nipple syndrome
Scalp-ear-nipple syndrome (Finlay-Marks syndrome, SEN syndrome, OMIM 181270) is a rare autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia caused by KCTD1 mutations, marked by scalp aplasia cutis, malformed ears, and absent or rudimentary nipples.
Scalpel
A scalpel, also known as a surgical knife, is a small, thin instrument of separate blade and handle used for surgical incisions, among the oldest tools in surgery.
Scalping
Scalping means either a trading style holding positions seconds to minutes for small repeated gains, dominated by per-trade costs, or the violent removal of an enemy's scalp and hair as a war trophy, attested archaeologically worldwide.
Scalping (trading)
Scalping is a trading style in which a trader holds positions for seconds to a few minutes, taking many trades a day to collect small gains and ending with no open position.
Scaly-breasted munia
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata), also spotted munia, nutmeg mannikin, or spice finch: a sparrow-sized estrildid finch native to tropical Asia, brown above with white scaly underparts, seed-eating, highly social, introduced to the US, Japan, Australia, and Hawaii; IUCN Least Concern.
Scaly-foot gastropod
Scaly-foot gastropod (Chrysomallon squamiferum), also sea pangolin or volcano snail: an Indian Ocean hydrothermal vent snail, the only animal with pyrite and greigite iron sulfide armor in scales and shell, IUCN Endangered from deep-sea mining.
SCAM (conference)
SCAM, the IEEE International Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, is an annual software engineering conference on automated analysis and manipulation of source code, founded in 2001.
Scam 1992
Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story is a 2020 SonyLIV Hindi financial thriller series, 10 episodes directed by Hansal Mehta, starring Pratik Gandhi, adapting Dalal and Basu's book on the 1992 Indian securities scam.
Scam 2003
Scam 2003: The Telgi Story (स्कैम २००३) is a 2023 SonyLIV Hindi biographical crime series, the second in Hansal Mehta's Scam franchise, directed by Tushar Hiranandani with Gagan Dev Riar as stamp-paper scammer Abdul Karim Telgi, based on Sanjay Singh's Reporter Ki Diary.