Diagnosis and clinical assessment

Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate

Maximal expiratory flow rate (MEFR), also known as FEF 200-1200, is a spirometric index measuring airflow over the first liter of a forced expiration, effort dependent and now rarely reported routinely.

Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves

Maximal expiratory flow-volume curves (MEFV) plot expiratory flow in L/s against lung volume during a forced vital capacity maneuver, revealing obstructive, restrictive, and upper airway obstruction patterns in spirometry.

Oct 20, 2026

Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate

Maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMEF, FEF25–75%) is a spirometric index: mean expiratory flow over the middle half of FVC, historically linked to small airways disease but poorly reproducible and not recommended for routine reporting.

Maximal Respiratory Pressures

Maximal respiratory pressures (MIP/PImax, MEP/PEmax) are noninvasive bedside tests of respiratory muscle strength in cmH2O, used in neuromuscular disease monitoring, weaning assessment, and interpreted against age- and sex-specific reference values.

McDonald criteria

The McDonald criteria are the international diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis, combining clinical attacks with MRI evidence of lesions disseminated in space and time, introduced in 2001.

Mean arterial pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure over the cardiac cycle, estimated as 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic. Key targets: 65 mm Hg in septic shock; ambulatory thresholds <90/90-92/≥92 mmHg.

Measurable residual disease detection

Measurable residual disease detection is a set of highly sensitive laboratory assays that count the few malignant cells remaining in bone marrow or blood after treatment.

Mechanomyography

Mechanomyography (MMG) is a noninvasive technique that records the low-frequency vibrations and sounds produced by contracting skeletal muscle, serving as the mechanical counterpart of electromyography (EMG) for assessing fatigue, strength, and balance.

Medial branch block

A medial branch block is a diagnostic injection of local anesthetic onto the nerves supplying spinal facet joints, testing whether those joints are the source of back or neck pain.

Medical diagnosis

Medical diagnosis: identifying a disease, condition, or injury from symptoms, history, exam, and tests. Uses differential diagnosis; diagnostic errors affect about 5% of U.S. outpatient visits per NASEM 2015.

Medical Futility

Medical futility: clinical-ethics concept for interventions unable to deliver their designed benefit; categories include physiological, imminent-demise, lethal-condition, and qualitative futility; shaped by Wanglie, Baby K, and the Texas Advance Directives Act.

Medical history

Medical history: the patient's account of symptoms, past illness, and circumstances elicited by clinicians. Rooted in Hippocratic case records, standardized by Osler at Johns Hopkins in 1893, and subject to measurable recall bias.

Medical laboratory

Medical laboratory (clinical laboratory): facility testing human specimens for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. About 14 billion US tests yearly in 266,000+ CLIA-certified labs; ISO 15189 is the main accreditation standard; most errors are pre-analytical.

Medical laboratory scientist

Medical laboratory scientist (MLS), formerly medical technologist (MT): bachelor's-level US laboratory professional testing blood, urine, and tissue in hematology, chemistry, microbiology, blood bank, and molecular benches; ASCP/AMT/AAB certified, $62,930 median pay, four-state licensure.

Medical record

Medical record: the documented history and care of a patient, on paper or as an electronic health record (EHR). Spans ancient Egyptian papyri, Weed's 1968 problem-oriented record, and modern EHRs with measured effects on documentation time, medication errors, and patient portal access.

Medical state

Medical state, more commonly called health status, is the level of health of an individual, group, or population, as assessed by the person concerned or by objective measures.

Medical terminology

Medical terminology: the structured vocabulary of health care, built from Greek and Latin prefixes, roots, and suffixes, and codified in standards such as SNOMED CT, ICD-11, and the UMLS Metathesaurus for interoperable clinical documentation.

Mental status examination

Mental status examination (MSE): structured clinical assessment of appearance, behavior, speech, mood and affect, thought, perception, and cognition. Uses bedside tests and screens such as MoCA and MMSE; attention is tested first.

Metabolic screening

Metabolic screening is testing of newborn heel-prick blood spots, mostly by tandem mass spectrometry, to detect treatable inborn errors of metabolism such as PKU and MCADD before symptoms appear.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is an unbiased diagnostic method that sequences all nucleic acids in a clinical sample, detecting bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites without culture.

MGMT promoter methylation testing

MGMT promoter methylation testing is a clinical biomarker assay that detects methylation of the MGMT gene promoter, used mainly in glioblastoma to predict benefit from temozolomide.

Microbial Colony Count

Microbial colony count estimates viable microorganisms as colony-forming units by pour plate, spread plate, membrane filtration, spiral plate, or MPN methods, with Poisson-based countable ranges such as 15-300 colonies per plate in FDA BAM and ISO standards.