273 articles
AYUSH-HR
AYUSH-HR is a coded Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation by India's CCRAS for pre-hypertension (JNC-VII 120-139/80-89 mmHg), tested in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial at three centres, 500 mg twice daily for 12 weeks.
AYUSH-PC tablet
AYUSH-PC tablet (Pushkar Guggulu) is a CCRAS coded Ayurvedic formulation for coronary artery disease, still in drug development, with a double-blind randomized add-on trial (CTRI/2024/02/062553) at VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi.
Azelnidipine
Azelnidipine (CS-905, Calblock) is a third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for hypertension, launched in Japan in 2003 and approved in China and India; it lowers blood pressure similarly to amlodipine but reduces heart rate instead of raising it.
Azilsartan
Azilsartan (azilsartan medoxomil, Edarbi) is the eighth angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker approved for hypertension, FDA-approved 2011, dosed 80 mg daily, with greater SBP-lowering than valsartan and olmesartan and diarrhea as its most common adverse reaction.
Azilsartan medoxomil
Azilsartan medoxomil (TAK-491, Edarbi) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker prodrug for hypertension, FDA-approved February 2011; 40-80 mg once daily, hydrolyzed to active azilsartan, ranked most efficacious ARB at 80 mg.
Azimilide
Azimilide (NE-10064, azimilide dihydrochloride) is an investigational class III antiarrhythmic blocking both IKr and IKs potassium currents, developed by Procter & Gamble, tested in Phase 3 trials for atrial fibrillation and ICD patients but never approved.
Balcinrenone
Balcinrenone, formerly AZD9977, is an oral nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor modulator from AstraZeneca with partial antagonist activity intended to reduce hyperkalemia risk, now in phase 3 heart failure trials.
Bemiparin sodium
Bemiparin sodium (Hibor, Ivor, Zibor, Badyket) is a second-generation low-molecular-weight heparin from ROVI, mean MW 3,600 Da, anti-Xa/IIa ratio 8, once-daily subcutaneous prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and hemodialysis anticoagulation.
Benidipine
Benidipine (Coniel) is a Japanese dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, launched in 1991 by Kyowa Hakko, that blocks L-, N-, and T-type calcium channels and treats hypertension and angina; trials show kidney benefits over amlodipine in CKD.
Benzarone
Benzarone, a benzofuran-derivative drug (C17H14O3) formerly used orally and topically for peripheral vascular disorders, withdrawn after severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity; structurally related to amiodarone and benzbromarone.
Benzthiazide
Benzthiazide is a thiazide diuretic of the same family as chlorothiazide, used to treat hypertension and edema; clinically evaluated in 1960, it has since been discontinued.
Beraprost
Beraprost (beraprost sodium), also sold as Dorner or Procylin, is the first orally active prostacyclin analogue, developed by Toray and approved in Japan in 1992 for chronic arterial occlusion and 1999 for primary pulmonary hypertension.
Berotralstat
Berotralstat (BCX7353, Orladeyo) is an oral once-daily plasma kallikrein inhibitor for prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema attacks, first FDA-approved December 3, 2020, now indicated for ages 2 and older.
Beta blocker
Beta blockers (beta adrenergic blocking agents) are drugs blocking beta-1/beta-2 adrenaline receptors, slowing heart rate and lowering blood pressure. Developed by James Black (propranolol, 1965; Nobel Prize 1988); used for angina, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, glaucoma, migraine, anxiety.
Bethanidine
Bethanidine (betanidine, B.W. 467C60, Esbatal) is a guanidinium sympatholytic antihypertensive, C10H15N3, half-life 9 hours, approved in the UK in 1963 and later discontinued; it resembled guanethidine but caused no diarrhea.
Betrixaban
Betrixaban, sold as Bevyxxa, is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2017 to prevent venous thromboembolism in hospitalized adults with limited mobility.
Bevifibatide citrate (formerly batifiban)
Bevifibatide citrate (formerly batifiban, 贝塔宁/BETAGRIN) is a cyclic peptide GPIIb/IIIa and αvβ3 dual-target antiplatelet drug approved in China in June 2024 for ACS patients undergoing PCI, with Phase III composite endpoint HR 0.57.
Bisoprolol
Bisoprolol, a beta1-selective cardioselective beta-blocker (bisoprolol fumarate), treats hypertension and chronic heart failure; CIBIS-II showed mortality reduction (HR 0.66), making it one of three evidence-based heart failure beta-blockers.
Bretylium
Bretylium (bretylium tosylate, Bretylol), an adrenergic neuronal blocking class III antiarrhythmic injected for resistant ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation; removed from ACLS guidelines in 2000 and now largely unavailable.
Buflomedil
Buflomedil (Loftyl) is a vasoactive alpha-adrenolytic vasodilator once used for stage II peripheral arterial occlusive disease symptoms in Europe from the 1970s; the EMA suspended all EU marketing authorisations in 2012 over serious neurological and cardiac toxicity and limited efficacy.
Bumetanide
Bumetanide (BUM, BTN) is a potent loop diuretic synthesized by Peter W. Feit at Leo Pharma in 1969, marketed from 1972; 1 mg equals about 40 mg furosemide, inhibits NKCC1/NKCC2, and treats edema in heart, liver, and kidney disease.
Bunazosin
Bunazosin (Detantol R) is a quinazoline alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocker used orally for hypertension and topically to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma, improving ocular blood flow.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate, the calcium salt of gluconic acid, is an IV and oral calcium replenisher for hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia cardiotoxicity, and hydrofluoric acid burns; first isolated 1880, US approval 1941, safer than calcium chloride peripherally.
Candesartan
Candesartan (Atacand, candesartan cilexetil) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker approved in 1998 for hypertension and heart failure; selective AT1 blocker dosed 8–32 mg once daily.
Cangrelor
Cangrelor (Kengreal, Kengrexal) is a rapid-onset, reversible intravenous P2Y12 platelet inhibitor used as an adjunct to PCI and for bridging to surgery; FDA approved 2015 after the CHAMPION PHOENIX trial.
Canrenoate
Canrenoate (canrenoic acid; potassium canrenoate, Soldactone) is a steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist prodrug converted to canrenone, given orally or intravenously for aldosterone blockade in heart failure and hypertension, with scarce trial evidence.
Canrenone
Canrenone (Aldadiene, SC-9376) is a synthetic steroid lactone that blocks aldosterone at the mineralocorticoid receptor, acting as a potassium-sparing diuretic used for heart failure and hypertension and marketed in countries including Italy and Belgium.
Captopril
Captopril (Capoten, SQ 14,225) is the first orally active ACE inhibitor, designed rationally at Squibb by Cushman and Ondetti in 1974-75 from carboxypeptidase A inhibitor models, used for hypertension, heart failure, post-MI dysfunction, and diabetic nephropathy.
Cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain) are Na+/K+-ATPase-inhibiting steroids from foxglove, oleander, and toads that raise cardiac contractility; used for atrial fibrillation rate control and HFrEF symptoms, with narrow therapeutic index and mortality-neutral randomized evidence.
Carvedilol
Carvedilol (Coreg) is a nonselective beta blocker with alpha1-blocker vasodilator and antioxidant activity; first adrenoreceptor blocker approved for heart failure (US 1997), one of three mortality-reducing beta blockers in HFrEF.