273 articles
Doxazosin
Doxazosin (Cardura) is a quinazoline alpha-1 adrenergic blocker for hypertension and BPH symptoms. The ALLHAT trial stopped its hypertension arm in 2000 after doxazosin doubled heart failure risk versus chlorthalidone; it remains a second-line, BPH-focused drug.
Drotrecogin alfa (activated)
Drotrecogin alfa (activated), brand name Xigris, recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC, LY-203638), an Eli Lilly antithrombotic for severe sepsis; FDA-approved 2001, EU 2002, withdrawn worldwide in 2011 after PROWESS-SHOCK showed no mortality benefit.
Dual antiplatelet therapy
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) combines aspirin with an oral P2Y12 inhibitor, such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor, to prevent stent thrombosis and heart attack after coronary intervention.
Ecraprost
Ecraprost (code AS 013, brand name Circulase) is a lipid microsphere prodrug of prostaglandin E1, given intravenously as lipo-ecraprost and investigated as a vasodilator for peripheral arterial disease.
Eleclazine
Eleclazine (GS-6615), a Gilead sodium channel blocker selectively inhibiting cardiac late sodium current via Nav1.5 for LQT3 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; phase 3 trials ended with program termination in late 2016.
Enalapril
Enalapril (Vasotec) is an orally active ACE inhibitor prodrug hydrolyzed to enalaprilat, approved in 1985 for hypertension, symptomatic heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, with mortality benefit shown in CONSENSUS and SOLVD trials.
Enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat anhydrous is the active diacid metabolite of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor given only intravenously (1.25 mg per 6 hours) for hypertension when oral therapy is impractical; onset 15 minutes, half-life about 11 hours.
Enarodustat
Enarodustat (JTZ-951, brand Enaroy) is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor by Japan Tobacco for CKD anemia; approved in Japan (September 2020), South Korea, and China.
Encainide
Encainide (MJ 9067), class IC sodium-channel-blocking antiarrhythmic developed in the 1970s; potent ventricular arrhythmia suppressant withdrawn after CAST showed increased post-infarction mortality.
Enoximone
Enoximone (fenoximone, MDL 17,043, Perfan) is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor with positive inotropic and vasodilating action, used short-term intravenously for acute congestive heart failure in Europe and the UK, not North America.
Eplerenone
Eplerenone, sold as Inspra, is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that blocks aldosterone. Approved in 2002, it lowers blood pressure and improves survival after heart attack complicated by heart failure.
Eprosartan
Eprosartan (Teveten) is a non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole angiotensin II receptor blocker for hypertension, dosed 600-800 mg daily, selective for the AT1 receptor and not metabolized by cytochrome P450.
Esuberaprost
Esuberaprost (beraprost-314d, APS-314D, CTO-1681) is the active single enantiomer of beraprost, an oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; its phase 3 BEAT trial missed its primary endpoint.
Fibrinolytic therapy
Fibrinolytic therapy is drug treatment that dissolves blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin, used in heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism, with bleeding as its main risk.
Fimasartan
Fimasartan (Kanarb, BR-A-657) is a Korean-developed angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker for hypertension, the ninth ARB approved, dosed 60-120 mg once daily, with 18.6% bioavailability and mainly biliary-fecal elimination.
FINEARTS-HF trial
FINEARTS-HF (NCT04435626): Bayer-funded randomized trial of finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, in 6,001 patients with heart failure and LVEF ≥40%; reduced total worsening HF events and CV death (RR 0.84).
Finerenone
Finerenone (Kerendia), a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist approved in 2021 for diabetic CKD and in July 2025 for heart failure with LVEF ≥40%, based on FIDELIO-DKD, FIGARO-DKD, and FINEARTS-HF trials.
Firibastat
Firibastat (RB150, QGC001) is an oral brain aminopeptidase A inhibitor prodrug of EC33 developed by Quantum Genomics for hypertension; phase 3 FRESH missed its endpoint and development stopped in 2022.
Fitusiran
Fitusiran (Qfitlia), an antithrombin-lowering siRNA by Sanofi/Alnylam, FDA-approved March 28, 2025 for bleeding prophylaxis in hemophilia A or B with or without inhibitors, dosed subcutaneously every two months.
Flecainide
Flecainide (flecainide acetate, trade name Tambocor) is a class IC antiarrhythmic drug blocking fast sodium channels, used for atrial fibrillation and approved by the FDA in 1984, but avoided after heart attacks.
Flosequinan
Flosequinan (Manoplax), a Boots quinolone vasodilator for heart failure, improved symptoms and hemodynamics but raised mortality in the PROFILE trial and was voluntarily withdrawn in July 1993.
Fluindione
Fluindione (Previscan), an indanedione vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, ATC B01AA12, marketed only in France; initiation banned since 1 December 2018 over severe immuno-allergic risk, use limited to renewals.
Fosinopril
Fosinopril (Monopril) is an ACE inhibitor prodrug converted to fosinoprilat, approved in 1991 for hypertension and adjunctive heart failure therapy; dosed 10-40 mg once daily, dual liver-kidney elimination, boxed fetal toxicity warning.
Furosemide
Furosemide, also known as frusemide and sold as Lasix, is a loop diuretic introduced in 1962 and used to treat edema from heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease.
Guanabenz
Guanabenz (Wytensin) is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist antihypertensive, dosed 8–32 mg/day twice daily; discontinued in the US and investigated for ALS and vanishing white matter.
Guanadrel
Guanadrel (Hylorel) is a discontinued oral postganglionic sympathetic inhibitor, a guanidine analog of guanethidine, FDA-approved in 1982 for mild to moderate hypertension.
Guanfu base A hydrochloride
Guanfu base A hydrochloride (盐酸关附甲素, acehytisine hydrochloride) is a diterpene alkaloid antiarrhythmic from Aconitum coreanum roots; a multi-ion channel blocker with atrial-selective sodium channel inhibition used for supraventricular tachycardia in China.
Guided antiplatelet therapy
Guided antiplatelet therapy is a cardiology treatment strategy that uses platelet function testing or CYP2C19 genotyping to select and dose P2Y12 inhibitors like clopidogrel for individual patients.
Hexasodium phytate
Hexasodium phytate (SNF472, hexasodium fytate), intravenous hexasodium salt of phytate (IP6) that binds hydroxyapatite to inhibit vascular calcification and calciphylaxis; tested through phase 3 in hemodialysis patients.
Higenamine hydrochloride
Higenamine hydrochloride (盐酸去甲乌药碱), also called norcoclaurine hydrochloride, is a benzylisoquinoline β-adrenoceptor agonist from aconite, approved in China in April 2026 as the first class 1 innovative cardiac stress agent for myocardial perfusion imaging.