273 articles
Hydralazine
Hydralazine, a direct arteriolar vasodilator antihypertensive introduced in 1951, treats severe hypertension in pregnancy, resistant hypertension, and, with isosorbide dinitrate, Black patients with heart failure; key risk is drug-induced lupus.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide-type diuretic inhibiting the renal NCC transporter, used for hypertension and edema; the most prescribed US thiazide (~31.8 million 2023 prescriptions), with electrolyte, metabolic, and small skin-cancer risks.
Hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide (Saluron, Diucardin) is an oral thiazide diuretic and antihypertensive benzothiadiazine, C8H8F3N3O4S2, inhibiting the SLC12A3 sodium-chloride symporter; discontinued in the US.
Ibutilide
Ibutilide (ibutilide fumarate, Corvert) is an intravenous class III antiarrhythmic for acute cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter, acting via I_Kr blockade and late sodium current activation, with torsades de pointes as its main risk.
Idrabiotaparinux sodium
Idrabiotaparinux sodium (SSR126517E) is a biotinylated, once-weekly injectable indirect factor Xa inhibitor pentasaccharide derived from idraparinux, reversible with avidin; tested in EQUINOX, CASSIOPEA, and BOREALIS-AF but never marketed.
Idraparinux
Idraparinux (SANORG 34006, SR 34006) is a synthetic, antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibitor pentasaccharide, an analogue of fondaparinux, given as 2.5 mg weekly subcutaneous injections; phase III trials showed excess bleeding and development ceased.
Imidapril
Imidapril (Tanatril) is a long-acting prodrug ACE inhibitor, activated to imidaprilat in the liver, used for hypertension, renal parenchymal hypertension, type 1 diabetic nephropathy, and chronic heart failure; first approved 1993.
Indecainide
Indecainide (Decabid, LY 135837) is a discontinued Eli Lilly class IC antiarrhythmic, a fluorene sodium-channel blocker approved in 1989 for ventricular tachycardia, limited by proarrhythmia in left ventricular dysfunction.
Indoramin
Indoramin (Wy-21901; Baratol, Doralese) is a selective alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist, C22H25N3O, formerly used for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia; low oral bioavailability, 6-hydroxylation metabolism, sedation as main side effect.
Inotrope
Inotrope: drug altering cardiac contractility; positive inotropes (dobutamine, milrinone, levosimendan, digoxin, catecholamines) support cardiogenic shock and decompensated heart failure; no overall survival benefit, arrhythmia and hypotension risks.
Ivabradine
Ivabradine (Corlanor, Procoralan) is a selective HCN/I_f channel blocker that slows the sinus node without affecting blood pressure or contractility. Approved for HFrEF (LVEF ≤35%, HR ≥70 bpm) and pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy; SHIFT showed fewer heart-failure hospitalizations, no mortality benefit.
Labetalol
Labetalol, the first combined alpha-1/beta-adrenergic blocker (alpha:beta 1:3 oral, 1:7 IV), treats hypertension; U.S. tablet approval 1984; preferred in pregnancy and for severe hypertension, with fatigue, nausea, dizziness as common effects.
Lacidipine
Lacidipine, a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (ATC C08CA09), treats hypertension at 2-6 mg once daily; vascular-selective, ~10% bioavailability, 13-19 h half-life, lowest peripheral edema risk among DHP-CCBs.
Landiolol
Landiolol (Rapiblyk) is an ultra-short-acting, highly β1-selective intravenous beta-blocker with a ~4-minute half-life, used for rapid ventricular rate control in supraventricular tachycardia, perioperative arrhythmias, and selected septic shock patients.
LDR2402
LDR2402 is an investigational small interfering RNA drug for mild to moderate hypertension, developed by Leaderna Therapeutics, a subsidiary of China's HitGen, now in phase 2.
Lepirudin
Lepirudin (Refludan, Refluden) is a yeast-derived recombinant hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II; approved 1997-1998, withdrawn in the EU in 2012 and the US in 2016.
Lercanidipine
Lercanidipine (Zanidip) is a lipophilic third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for mild to moderate hypertension, dosed 10–20 mg once daily; approved in Europe and many countries but never FDA approved in the United States.
Levamlodipine
Levamlodipine, also called (S)-amlodipine or levoamlodipine (brand Conjupri), is the active S-enantiomer of the racemic calcium channel blocker amlodipine, FDA-approved December 19, 2019 for hypertension; 5 mg is bioequivalent to 10 mg racemic amlodipine.
Levobetaxolol
Levobetaxolol is the active S-isomer of the beta blocker betaxolol, given as eye drops to lower intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension; it debuted in the early 1980s.
Limaprost
Limaprost (Opalmon, Prorenal) is an oral prostaglandin E1 analogue developed by Ono and Dainippon Sumitomo in Japan, approved 1988 for thromboangiitis obliterans and 2001 for lumbar spinal stenosis, dosed 15-30 micrograms daily.
Lisinopril
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) is a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor for hypertension, heart failure, and post-heart-attack survival. Once-daily dosing, ~25% bioavailability, renal excretion, contraindicated in pregnancy.
Loop diuretic
Loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid) inhibit the NKCC2 cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, producing powerful natriuresis for fluid overload in heart, kidney, and liver disease.
Lorundrostat
Lorundrostat, also known by its development codes MLS-101 and MT-4129, is an investigational aldosterone synthase inhibitor developed by Mineralys Therapeutics for uncontrolled and treatment-resistant hypertension, with an FDA application submitted in December 2025.
Losartan
Losartan (Cozaar, DuP 753) is the first angiotensin II receptor blocker, an orally active AT1-selective antihypertensive approved by the FDA in 1995, with active metabolite E3174, indicated for hypertension, LVH stroke risk, and diabetic nephropathy.
Macitentan
Macitentan, sold as Opsumit, is an oral endothelin receptor antagonist developed by Actelion and approved in the United States in 2013 to reduce the risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension worsening.
Manidipine 6300
Manidipine 6300 (INN ID 6300; Artedil, Franidipine, CV-4093) is a third-generation lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker antihypertensive developed by Takeda, dosed 10–20 mg once daily, blocking L- and T-type channels with less ankle oedema than amlodipine.
Mavacamten
Mavacamten (Camzyos, MYK-461), a first-in-class oral cardiac myosin inhibitor by MyoKardia/Bristol Myers Squibb, FDA-approved 28 April 2022 for symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; proven in EXPLORER-HCM, not in nonobstructive HCM.
Medical expulsive therapy
Medical expulsive therapy is drug treatment, usually with an alpha-blocker such as tamsulosin, given to help a ureteral stone 10 mm or smaller pass in the urine without surgery.
Mefruside
Mefruside (Baycaron, BAY 1500) is a thiazide-like sulfonamide diuretic, ATC C03BA05, DDD 25 mg oral, developed in Germany in 1968; it inhibits NCC and carbonic anhydrase, raises uric acid, and lowers blood pressure.
Melagatran
Melagatran: active metabolite of the prodrug ximelagatran (Exanta), AstraZeneca's first oral direct thrombin inhibitor; approved in the EU in 2004 for orthopedic VTE prophylaxis, withdrawn worldwide in February 2006 for hepatotoxicity.