273 articles
Parnaparin sodium
Parnaparin sodium (Fluxum) is a low-molecular-weight heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa, mean MW about 4.5–5 kDa, anti-Xa/anti-IIa ratio above 4, used for thromboprophylaxis, superficial vein thrombosis, and vascular disorders.
Patiromer calcium
Patiromer calcium (patiromer sorbitex calcium, Veltassa) is a non-absorbed oral potassium-binding polymer with a calcium-sorbitol counterion that treats chronic hyperkalemia by exchanging calcium for potassium in the colon, raising fecal potassium excretion; onset 7-48 hours, common effects constipation and hypomagnesemia.
Peginesatide
Peginesatide (Omontys), a once-monthly peptide-based erythropoiesis-stimulating agent for anemia in dialysis patients, was FDA-approved in 2012 and recalled in February 2013 after fatal anaphylaxis reactions.
Pegmolesatide
Pegmolesatide (培莫沙肽, Saint Luolai) is Hansoh Pharma's once-monthly PEGylated erythropoietin-mimetic peptide for renal anemia, approved by China's NMPA in June 2023 and non-inferior to epoetin alfa in phase 3 trials.
Pegnivacogin
Pegnivacogin (RB006, Revolixys, DTRI-178) is a PEGylated 31-mer RNA aptamer inhibiting factor IXa, paired with the antidote anivamersen in the REG1 anticoagulation system; halted in phase 3 after allergic reactions.
Penbutolol
Penbutolol (Levatol) is a nonselective beta blocker with moderate intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, about four times as potent as propranolol, formerly used for mild to moderate hypertension at 20-40 mg once daily; discontinued in the US.
Pentolinium
Pentolinium (Ansolysen, pentolonium) is a bisquaternary pyrrolidinium ganglionic blocking agent, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist once used for severe hypertension, later for surgical hypotension and autonomic research.
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline, Trental), a methylxanthine hemorheologic drug for intermittent claudication; approved 1972 Europe, 1985 US; no longer recommended for claudication, used for venous ulcers.
Perhexiline
Perhexiline (Pexsig), a prophylactic antianginal maleate drug acting on fatty acid metabolism via CPT-1/2, requires CYP2D6-based drug monitoring; used for refractory angina in Australia and repurposed for heart failure and cancer.
Perindopril
Perindopril (Coversyl, Aceon) is a once-daily ACE inhibitor approved in 1988 for hypertension, heart failure, and stable coronary artery disease; active metabolite perindoprilat, half-life 30-120 hours, common side effect dry cough.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor, or PDE inhibitor, is a drug blocking enzymes that break down cAMP and cGMP, ranging from theophylline to PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction.
Pinacidil anhydrous
Pinacidil anhydrous (UNII BB4UGO5K0D) is the active-moiety form of pinacidil, a racemic cyanoguanidine KATP channel opener (SUR2A/SUR2B) that vasodilates arterioles to treat hypertension; FDA-discontinued, dose-limited by edema and tachycardia.
Piretanide
Piretanide (Arelix, Eurelix, Tauliz; HOE 118) is a sulfamoylbenzoic acid loop diuretic synthesized at Hoechst in 1973, inhibiting NKCC2; about 5-7 times more potent than furosemide, one-tenth as potent as bumetanide, used for hypertension and edema.
Polythiazide
Polythiazide (Renese) is a long-acting thiazide diuretic developed by Pfizer, FDA-approved September 26, 1961 as a new molecular entity in 1-4 mg oral tablets, about 250 times as potent as chlorothiazide, now discontinued.
Potassium-sparing diuretic
Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, triamterene, spironolactone, eplerenone, finerenone) are weak diuretics acting in the collecting duct via ENaC blockade or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, sparing potassium but risking hyperkalemia; used in heart failure, resistant hypertension, and ascites.
Prajmalium
Prajmalium (prajmaline, N-propylajmaline) is a class IA antiarrhythmic, ATC C01BA08, derived from the ajmaline rauwolfia alkaloid; used as bitartrate in German-speaking countries for ventricular arrhythmias, half-life 7.3 h, may cause liver damage.
Prenylamine
Prenylamine (Segontin, Synadrin) was a phenylalkylamine antianginal drug marketed from 1960 by Hoechst and withdrawn in 1988 as the first QT-prolongation casualty; it helped found the calcium antagonist class.
Pronetalol
Pronetalol (pronethalol, nethalide, Alderlin) was the first clinically useful beta-blocker, developed by James Black at ICI, launched in 1963, and withdrawn after causing thymic tumors in mice; propranolol replaced it.
Propatyl nitrate
Propatyl nitrate (propatylnitrate, ETTN, Etrynit, WIN 9317) is a trinitrate ester organic nitrate vasodilator (C6H11N3O9, ATC C01DA07) used for angina pectoris, releasing nitric oxide via ALDH2 bioactivation; distinct from nitroglycerin and isosorbide nitrates.
Propranolol
Propranolol (Inderal) is a nonselective beta blocker developed by James Black at ICI, 1958–1964, introduced 1965 as the first clinically useful beta blocker; used for angina, hypertension, arrhythmia, migraine, and tremor; Nobel Prize 1988.
Prostacyclin
Prostacyclin (PGI2, prostaglandin I2) is an endothelial eicosanoid discovered in 1976 in Vane's lab; a potent vasodilator and antiplatelet agent acting via the IP receptor, with a minutes-long half-life, and the basis of PAH drugs epoprostenol, treprostinil, iloprost, and selexipag.
Quinethazone
Quinethazone (Hydromox) is a quinazoline-derived thiazide-like diuretic and antihypertensive, FDA-approved April 10, 1963 (NDA 013264, Lederle, 50 mg tablet), acting via distal tubule Na-Cl cotransporter inhibition; now discontinued.
Quinidine
Quinidine, D-isomer of quinine from cinchona bark, is a class IA antiarrhythmic (sodium and potassium channel blocker) once standard for atrial fibrillation, now limited by proarrhythmia and mortality signals but used in Brugada syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.
Rafutrombopag
Rafutrombopag, the INN for hetrombopag (SHR8735), is Jiangsu Hengrui's oral nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist approved in China for ITP and severe aplastic anemia, with US orphan designation for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.
Ralinepag
Ralinepag (APD811) is an oral, highly selective non-prostanoid prostacyclin (IP) receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; once-daily extended-release tablet, positive phase 3 ADVANCE OUTCOMES, FDA NDA under review, not yet approved.
Ramipril
Ramipril (Altace, Tritace) is an ACE inhibitor prodrug converted to ramiprilat, used for hypertension, post-MI heart failure, and cardiovascular risk reduction; HOPE trial showed 22% relative risk reduction in MI, stroke, or cardiovascular death.
Ranolazine
Ranolazine (Ranexa), an antianginal drug approved in the US (2006) and EU (2008) for chronic/stable angina; inhibits the late sodium current, reducing calcium overload without changing heart rate or blood pressure; null outcome trials, QT prolongation, CYP3A interactions.
Recombinant human prourokinase
Recombinant human prourokinase (rhPro-UK, 普佑克/Puyouke) is a CHO-cell-expressed fibrinolytic drug by Tasly, approved in China in 2011 for STEMI thrombolysis and the only marketed recombinant prourokinase product in China, with stroke and pulmonary embolism trials.
Regadenoson anhydrous
Regadenoson anhydrous (Lexiscan, Rapiscan) is a selective A2A adenosine receptor agonist coronary vasodilator given as a fixed 0.4 mg IV bolus for myocardial perfusion imaging stress testing.
Rescinnamine
Rescinnamine (Moderil) is a Rauwolfia serpentina indole alkaloid antihypertensive, C35H42N2O9, ATC C02AA01, described as an ACE inhibitor by DrugBank; FDA approved 1956, later discontinued.