252 articles
Fevipiprant
Fevipiprant (QAW039, NVP-QAW039) is an oral Novartis DP2/CRTh2 receptor antagonist developed for eosinophilic asthma; phase 2 trials cut sputum eosinophils, but phase 3 LUSTER and ZEAL trials missed primary endpoints and development was discontinued.
Fiboflapon
Fiboflapon (GSK2190915, formerly AM803) is an investigational oral 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor developed for asthma; it suppresses leukotriene B4 and cysteinyl leukotrienes, half-life 16-34 h, not approved.
Flavoxate
Flavoxate (Urispas, W-61) is a synthetic flavone urinary tract spasmolytic and competitive muscarinic antagonist, FDA-approved in 1970, used for symptomatic relief of dysuria, urgency, and bladder spasms.
Fluticasone furoate
Fluticasone furoate (FF) is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid, a stable ester of fluticasone propionate, used once daily for asthma (Arnuity, Breo/Relvar Ellipta) and allergic rhinitis (Avamys), with very low systemic bioavailability.
Fluticasone propionate
Fluticasone propionate (FP, Flovent, Flonase, Cutivate, Xhance) is a trifluorinated androstane corticosteroid with 0.5 nmol/L glucocorticoid receptor affinity, used for asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, and dermatoses; first US approval 1990, first Flovent generic 2026.
Fosaprepitant
Fosaprepitant (Ivemend, Emend for Injection) is an intravenous prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant, converted within 30 minutes, used with a 5-HT3 antagonist and dexamethasone to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults and children 6 months and older.
Fosnetupitant
Fosnetupitant (Akynzeo IV, with palonosetron) is a water-soluble phosphorylated prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist netupitant, given as a 235 mg intravenous infusion to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; FDA approved 2018, noninferior to fosaprepitant with fewer injection-site reactions.
Fosrolapitant and palonosetron for injection
Fosrolapitant/palonosetron for injection (Ritanine, HR20013, 注射用磷罗拉匹坦帕洛诺司琼) is Hengrui's fixed-dose IV NK-1 plus 5-HT3 antiemetic, NMPA-approved May 27, 2025 for HEC-induced CINV, with a 188-hour rolapitant half-life allowing one dose per cycle.
Gabexate
Gabexate (gabexate mesilate, FOY), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor with a minutes-long half-life, used in Japan and Italy for acute pancreatitis, DIC, and post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis, with mixed trial evidence.
Gefapixant
Gefapixant (AF-219, MK-7264; Lyfnua) is an oral P2X3 receptor antagonist approved in the EU in 2023 for refractory or unexplained chronic cough; limited P2X2/3 selectivity causes taste disturbance.
Gefarnate
Gefarnate, also called geranyl farnesylacetate, is a cytoprotective anti-ulcer agent used for gastric and duodenal ulcers in Japan, where it is commonly prescribed to patients taking NSAIDs or low-dose aspirin.
Glepaglutide
Glepaglutide (ZP1848, brand Zeydovio) is Zealand Pharma's long-acting GLP-2 analogue for short bowel syndrome, given 10 mg subcutaneously once or twice weekly; EASE-1 cut parenteral support 5.13 L/week, with a CHMP positive opinion in 2026.
Glycopyrronium bromide
Glycopyrronium bromide (glycopyrrolate, Robinul, Seebri, Sialanar, Qbrexza) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic drug approved since 1961, used for peptic ulcer, secretions, drooling, COPD, and hyperhidrosis.
Granisetron
Granisetron is a first-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic (brand Kytril, Sustol) used to prevent chemotherapy-, radiotherapy-, and surgery-induced nausea and vomiting; FDA-approved since 1993, with tablet, injection, transdermal, and extended-release forms.
Gripe water
Gripe water, an herbal liquid supplement for infant colic and gas, originated with William Woodward's 1851 Nottingham formula; no randomized trial evidence supports it, and US products are sold as unregulated supplements with several recalls.
Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin (glyceryl guaiacolate ether), an oral expectorant derived from guaiac resin, thins airway mucus; the only OTC expectorant marketed in the US, sold as Mucinex and Robitussin since the 1989 monograph.
Hexocyclium
Hexocyclium (Tral) is a discontinued quaternary amine muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, methylsulfate salt, ATC A03AB10, formerly used for gastric ulcers and diarrhea, with about 5-fold ileal over cardiac receptor selectivity.
HRS-9821, PDE3/PDE4 dual inhibitor (COPD)
HRS-9821 (GSK-licensed Hengrui compound) is an investigational inhaled dual PDE3/PDE4 inhibitor for COPD add-on maintenance therapy, in phase II trials in China and licensed to GSK worldwide ex-Greater China in July 2025.
HSK31858 (DPP1 inhibitor)
HSK31858, renamed florensocatib, is an oral non-covalent DPP1 (cathepsin C) inhibitor from Haisco, licensed to Chiesi outside greater China; SAVE-BE cut bronchiectasis exacerbations by 48-59%.
HSK39004
HSK39004 (AN01) is Haisco Pharmaceutical's inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor for COPD maintenance, in dry powder and suspension forms, in Phase 3 in China and licensed to AirNexis for up to $1.063 billion.
Hyoscine butylbromide
Hyoscine butylbromide, also called butylscopolamine and best known as Buscopan, is an antispasmodic drug used since 1951 to relieve abdominal cramps, irritable bowel syndrome, and spasms of the urinary tract.
Ibodutant
Ibodutant (MEN15596) is a Menarini nonpeptide tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist investigated for diarrhea-predominant IBS; effective in women in phase II (IRIS-2) but failed phase III and was never licensed.
Icomidocholic acid
Icomidocholic acid (aramchol, arachidyl amido cholanoic acid, C20-FABAC) is Galmed's synthetic cholic acid–arachidic acid conjugate and partial SCD1 inhibitor in phase 3 (ARMOR) for MASH/NASH, not yet approved.
Iferanserin
Iferanserin (MPEC, MSA-100, VEN 309) is a peripheral 5-HT2A receptor antagonist developed as a 0.5% intra-anal ointment for internal hemorrhoids; its Phase 3 trial failed and development was discontinued in June 2012.
Ilaprazole
Ilaprazole (IY-81149) is a proton pump inhibitor drug developed by Il-Yang Pharmaceutical of South Korea and used to suppress gastric acid secretion in peptic ulcer and reflux disease.
Indacaterol
Indacaterol (Onbrez Breezhaler, Arcapta Neohaler; QAB149) is a once-daily inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist bronchodilator for COPD maintenance, first EU-approved 2009, FDA-approved 2011 at 75 micrograms.
Ipratropium bromide
Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) is an inhaled anticholinergic, short-acting bronchodilator introduced in 1974 and FDA-approved in 1986, used for COPD maintenance, acute asthma add-on therapy, and as a nasal spray for cold-related runny nose.
Isoetharine
Isoetharine (etyprenaline; Bronkosol, Bronkometer) is a discontinued, relatively selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist catecholamine bronchodilator for asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema, developed in 1934 at Hoechst and withdrawn from US marketing for non-safety reasons.
Isopropamide
Isopropamide (isopropamide iodide, Darbid) is a long-acting quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic drug, first FDA-approved 1957, used orally for peptic ulcer and GI spasm; now discontinued for humans but retained in veterinary prochlorperazine combinations.
Itopride
Itopride (Ganaton) is a benzamide gastroprokinetic combining dopamine D2 antagonism and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, metabolized by flavin-containing monooxygenase, used for functional dyspepsia with modest pooled efficacy and no QT prolongation.