252 articles
Nabilone
Nabilone (Cesamet) is a synthetic THC analogue and CB1/CB2 partial agonist approved in Canada (1981) and the US (1985) for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; Schedule II, common effects drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth.
Nafamostat
Nafamostat (FUT-175, Futhan, nafamostat mesylate/mesilate) is a short-acting synthetic serine protease inhibitor approved in Japan and Korea for pancreatitis, DIC, and extracorporeal anticoagulation, and investigated against COVID-19 via TMPRSS2 inhibition.
Naldemedine
Naldemedine (Symproic, S-297995) is an oral peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist derived from naltrexone, FDA approved in 2017 for opioid-induced constipation in adults with chronic non-cancer pain, dosed 0.2 mg daily.
Naloxegol
Naloxegol (Movantik, Moventig) is a PEGylated naloxone derivative and peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist approved in 2014 as the first once-daily oral PAMORA for opioid-induced constipation in adults.
Naphazoline
Naphazoline (Naphcon) is an imidazoline alpha-adrenergic agonist vasoconstrictor used OTC in eye drops and nasal sprays for redness and congestion; FDA approved 1971, limited to 3 days' use to avoid rebound congestion.
Nerandomilast tablets
Nerandomilast (Jascayd, BI 1015550) tablets: oral preferential PDE4B inhibitor by Boehringer Ingelheim, FDA-approved October 2025 for IPF and December 2025 for progressive pulmonary fibrosis; slows FVC decline in FIBRONEER trials.
Netupitant
Netupitant (Ro 67-3189) is a selective NK1 receptor antagonist antiemetic, approved 2014 (FDA) and 2015 (EMA) in the fixed combination Akynzeo with palonosetron for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa (京都念慈庵川贝枇杷膏)
Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa, also called King-to Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa, is a Hong Kong herbal cough syrup made from loquat, fritillaria, and honey.
Nizatidine
Nizatidine (Axid, Tazac, LY 139037) is an Eli Lilly-developed histamine H2-receptor antagonist, FDA-approved 1988, for duodenal and gastric ulcer, GERD esophagitis, and OTC heartburn; distinct from cimetidine in lacking antiandrogenic effects and P450 interactions.
Norucholic acid
Norucholic acid (NCA), or 24-norursodeoxycholic acid (nor-UDCA), is a side-chain-shortened C23 analogue of ursodeoxycholic acid, investigational for PSC and MASLD; it resists amidation and drives bicarbonate-rich choleresis via cholehepatic shunting.
Noscapine
Noscapine (narcotine), a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid from opium poppy, is a non-narcotic cough suppressant discovered 1817 and investigated as a tubulin-targeting anticancer and stroke drug candidate.
NyQuil
NyQuil is Vicks' (Procter & Gamble) over-the-counter nighttime cold and flu medicine, introduced in the mid-1960s as the first multi-symptom nighttime cold syrup, combining acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, and doxylamine succinate.
Obefazimod
Obefazimod (ABX464, SPL-464) is Abivax's oral quinoline small molecule that binds the cap-binding complex to upregulate miR-124; developed first for HIV, now in Phase 3 for ulcerative colitis.
Odevixibat
Odevixibat (Bylvay) is an oral ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor by Albireo/Ipsen treating cholestatic pruritus in PFIC (approved EU/US 2021) and Alagille syndrome (US 2023), acting locally in the gut.
Oglemilast
Oglemilast (GRC 3886) is Glenmark's oral PDE4 inhibitor for asthma and COPD, out-licensed to Forest Labs ($190M deal) and Teijin Pharma ($53M), terminated after a failed Phase IIb COPD trial in 2009.
Olodaterol
Olodaterol (Striverdi Respimat) is a once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist inhalation bronchodilator by Boehringer Ingelheim for COPD maintenance, 5 µg via Respimat; also combined with tiotropium as Stiolto/Spiolto Respimat; not indicated for asthma.
Olsalazine
Olsalazine (Dipentum) is an azo-bonded 5-ASA dimer prodrug, US-approved 1987, for maintaining ulcerative colitis remission in sulfasalazine-intolerant adults; 500 mg twice daily, with secretory diarrhea as its distinguishing adverse effect.
Ondansetron
Ondansetron (Zofran) is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic developed by Glaxo, FDA-approved January 1991 for chemotherapy-, radiotherapy-, and surgery-induced nausea and vomiting, with QT-prolongation limits.
Otilonium
Otilonium bromide (Spasmomen, Spasmoctyl), a poorly absorbed quaternary ammonium antispasmodic blocking L-type calcium channels, muscarinic and tachykinin receptors; used at 40 mg three times daily for irritable bowel syndrome, superior to placebo with placebo-like tolerability.
Oxethazaine
Oxethazaine (oxetacaine, INN; Strocain, Mucaine) is a highly potent ethanolamine local anesthetic, C28H41N3O3, active at gastric acid pH and used orally in antacid combinations for gastritis, peptic ulcer, and heartburn pain.
Oxolamine
Oxolamine (CAS 959-14-8), a non-narcotic 1,2,4-oxadiazole antitussive with mainly peripheral action, used for non-productive cough in Latin America, Turkey, and Taiwan; not US-approved.
Oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline (Afrin, Rhofade) is an imidazoline alpha-adrenergic agonist vasoconstrictor used as a 0.05% OTC nasal decongestant spray and as 1% cream for rosacea erythema; overuse risks rebound congestion.
Oxyphencyclimine
Oxyphencyclimine (Daricon) is a synthetic tertiary amine antimuscarinic anticholinergic drug, ATC A03AA01, C20H28N2O3, introduced 1958, used for peptic ulcer and gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm, reducing gastric acid secretion.
Oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium (Antrenyl, oxyphenonium bromide) is a synthetic quaternary ammonium anticholinergic, first US-approved 1952, used for visceral spasms and peptic ulcer adjunct therapy; dual antimuscarinic and musculotropic action, targets CHRM3/CHRM1, now discontinued in the US.
Palonosetron
Palonosetron (Aloxi, RS 25259-197) is a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic given as a single IV dose (0.25 mg CINV, 0.075 mg PONV), distinguished by a ~40-hour half-life and allosteric receptor binding.
Paregoric
Paregoric, or camphorated tincture of opium (tinctura opii camphorata), is a dilute opium elixir with 2 mg morphine per 5 mL and 45% alcohol, created in 1702 by Le Mort, used for diarrhea and historically for infant colic, and often confused with 25-times-stronger opium tincture.
Phenylephrine
Phenylephrine, an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist decongestant; IV form treats hypotension, nasal sprays work, but oral phenylephrine (Sudafed PE, DayQuil) was deemed ineffective by FDA advisers in 2023 and proposed for OTC removal in 2024.
Pholcodine
Pholcodine, an opioid cough suppressant used since the 1950s for dry cough, was withdrawn from the EU, UK, Australia, and Malaysia in 2022–2023 after the ALPHO study linked it to anaphylaxis risk during anaesthesia.
Picosulfuric acid
Picosulfuric acid (picosulfate, sodium picosulfate; C18H15NO8S2) is a diphenylmethane stimulant laxative prodrug activated by colonic bacteria to BHPM, used in Picolax/CLENPIQ bowel-cleansing combinations for colonoscopy.
Pinaverium
Pinaverium (pinaverium bromide, Dicetel, Pinverin) is a GI-selective quaternary ammonium calcium channel blocker antispasmodic, poorly absorbed orally, used mainly for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.