25,729 articles
Body composition
Body composition: measurement of the body's fat mass, fat-free mass, water, and mineral components. Covers two- and four-compartment models and methods including DXA, BIA, underwater weighing, and isotope dilution.
Body Constitution
Body constitution is a medical concept covering a person's whole physical makeup: metabolic processes, reactions to stimuli, disease resistance, and predispositions studied in physical examination.
Body Contouring
Body contouring, or body sculpting, covers surgical and non-surgical procedures that reshape the body by removing excess skin and fat after major weight loss; it spans abdominoplasty, liposuction, and FDA-regulated cold, heat, light, ultrasound, and magnetic devices.
Body doubling
Body doubling: working on a task in the presence of another person (the body double), a focus strategy popularized in ADHD communities. Coined by Linda Anderson in 1996; no clinical trials exist, only HCI survey and VR studies.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD, dysmorphophobia) is a psychiatric disorder involving distressing preoccupation with perceived appearance flaws, classified with OCD in DSM-5 and ICD-11 (6B21); pooled prevalence 11.3% in clinical settings, high suicidality, treated with CBT/ERP and SSRIs.
Body farm
Body farm: outdoor forensic research facility where donated human bodies decompose under controlled conditions to study time since death. Original is the University of Tennessee's Anthropological Research Facility, founded by William Bass; nickname from Patricia Cornwell's 1994 novel.
Body Fat Distribution
Body fat distribution, also called body fat patterning, is the regional pattern of adipose tissue deposits. Android (abdominal) fat carries higher cardiometabolic risk than gynoid (hip-thigh) fat; measured by WC, WHR, WHtR, and imaging.
Body fat percentage
Body fat percentage: proportion of body mass that is fat, distinct from BMI. Measured by DEXA, ADP, hydrostatic weighing, BIA, skinfolds; field methods err 3–9 points; healthy ranges differ by sex and age.
Body fluid
Body fluid: all water-based liquids in the body, in intracellular (about two-thirds) and extracellular (interstitial, plasma, transcellular) compartments; humans are 50-60% water as adults, regulated by osmosis and sodium balance.
Body for Life
Body for Life: 12-week diet and exercise program by Bill Phillips, popularized by his 1999 HarperCollins book and the EAS Body for Life Challenge photo contest; six meals a day, six weekly workouts, and a free day distinguish it from other fitness plans.
Body hair
Body hair: hair from follicles covering nearly all human skin except lips, palms, and soles. Types are lanugo, vellus, and androgen-driven terminal hair; about 5 million follicles; excess growth is hirsutism or hypertrichosis.
Body image
Body image: a person's thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and behaviors about their own physical appearance. Covers negative body image, prevalence, eating disorder links, social media effects, and media literacy interventions.
Body integrity dysphoria
Body integrity dysphoria (BID), formerly apotemnophilia, BIID, or xenomelia, is an ICD-11 (6C21) condition of persistent desire to acquire a disability such as limb amputation, with onset by early adolescence and parietal and premotor brain correlates.
Body mass index
Body mass index (BMI), weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is a low-cost screening measure categorizing adults (obesity at 30.0+) and children (95th percentile), with known limits in distinguishing fat from muscle and a 2025 Lancet Commission redefinition effort.
Body plethysmography
Body plethysmography is a pulmonary function test in which the patient breathes inside a sealed cabin, measuring thoracic gas volume and airway resistance; a complete study takes under 20 minutes.
Body positivity
Body positivity: social movement advocating acceptance of all body types, rooted in 1960s fat acceptance and fat Black women's activism, mainstreamed via 2010s hashtags like #bodypositive; experimental evidence on its social media content is mixed.
Body roundness index
Body roundness index (BRI), an anthropometric measure from waist circumference and height introduced by Diana Thomas in 2013, models the body as an ellipse, scores eccentricity 1–20, and predicts visceral fat, metabolic syndrome, and mortality.
Body shape
Body shape: the form and fat/muscle distribution of the human body, also called somatotype (Sheldon's endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph). Measured by BMI, waist circumference, WHR, WHtR, ABSI; fat distribution affects cardiometabolic risk and varies by ancestry.
Body Size
Body size is the set of physical measurements of a body, chiefly height, weight, and derived circumferences and ratios like BMI, used to assess growth, nutritional status, and fatness.
Body skin hyperlaxity due to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency
Body skin hyperlaxity due to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency (OMIM 610842, ORPHA91135), also called the PXE-like disorder with multiple coagulation factor deficiency, is an autosomal recessive GGCX-related disease combining severe truncal and limb skin laxity, PXE-like elastic fiber mineralization, and deficiency of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
Body surface area
Body surface area (BSA) is the total surface area of the human body, usually estimated from height and weight and used for drug dosing and burn assessment.
Body surface gastric mapping
Body surface gastric mapping (BSGM) is a noninvasive electrophysiological method recording the stomach's electrical activity from an array of abdominal electrodes, assessing dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis.
Body Surface Potential Mapping
Body surface potential mapping (BSPM), also called body surface mapping, records cardiac electrical potentials from 64–300 torso electrodes, far beyond the 12-lead ECG, offering richer spatial diagnostic information but remaining largely a research and ECGI tool.
Body Temperature
Body temperature: the heat measure of the human body, with core temperature regulated by the hypothalamus at roughly 36.5–37.5 °C. Covers Wunderlich's 37 °C standard, site-specific normal values, and peripheral thermometer accuracy.
Body water
Body water, also known as total body water, is the water contained in a living organism, averaging about 60% of body weight in adult men and 50% in women.
Body Weights and Measures
Body Weights and Measures is a MeSH descriptor (D001837) under Anthropometry indexing body measurement topics such as BMI, height, weight, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness, and the standardized anthropometric practice those terms cover.
Body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders
Body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders (BFRBDs, ICD-11 6B25) are an obsessive-compulsive-related diagnostic category covering trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, and related grooming behaviors, defined by recurrent integument-directed actions, failed stop attempts, and dermatological sequelae.
Bodybuilding nutrition
Bodybuilding nutrition is the dietary practice used in bodybuilding to build muscle in a bulking phase and lose fat while retaining muscle when cutting for a contest.
Bodybuilding supplement
Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements marketed to build muscle and strength; creatine, caffeine, and protein have evidence of benefit, while FDA warns many such products are adulterated with steroids, SARMs, or hidden drugs.
Boehringer Ingelheim
Boehringer Ingelheim: German family-owned pharmaceutical company founded 1885 by Albert Boehringer in Ingelheim am Rhein; ~54,300 employees in 130 markets across Human Pharma, Animal Health, and biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing; acquired Merial from Sanofi in 2017.