Human health and medicine

Bofanglutide

Bofanglutide (博凡格鲁肽, GZR18) is Gan & Lee's investigational biweekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and OSA; GRADUAL-1 showed 18.54% weight loss at 52 weeks, with NMPA marketing application accepted September 2026.

Oct 22, 2026

Bohemian famine of 1771–1772

The Bohemian famine of 1771–1772 (Czech: hladomor v českých zemích) was a subsistence crisis in the Czech lands of the Habsburg monarchy, killing an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people.

Bohring-Opitz syndrome

Bohring-Opitz syndrome (BOS, Oberklaid-Danks syndrome) is a rare ASXL1-related autosomal dominant disorder with IUGR, trigonocephaly, BOS posture, severe intellectual disability, and Wilms tumor screening needs.

Boil

A boil, medically called a furuncle, is a painful, pus-filled infection of a hair follicle, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, that often drains on its own.

Bola Parpati

Bola Parpati (Bol Parpati) is a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral flake formulation of purified mercury, purified sulphur, and Commiphora myrrha exudate, listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India for bleeding disorders such as menorrhagia, Raktapitta, and bleeding hemorrhoids.

Boladi Vati

Boladi Vati (Bolādi vaṭī), AFI000496, is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral tablet with borax, ferrous sulphate, myrrh, jatamansi, aloe, and asafoetida, dosed 150–500 mg for menstrual disorders including dysmenorrhea and oligomenorrhea.

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, or Machupo virus disease, is a rodent-borne arenaviral hemorrhagic fever endemic to Bolivia's Beni department, first recognized in 1959, with 25–35% case fatality, Calomys callosus reservoir, and no licensed vaccine.

Bolus (medicine)

Bolus (medicine): a single dose of a drug given over a short period, by IV injection, infusion, or mouth, to reach an effective blood concentration quickly; contrasted with continuous infusion in diuretic, antibiotic, and insulin dosing.

Bolus injection

A bolus injection is a dose of a substance given by a single rapid intravenous injection, typically over 1 to 30 minutes, producing an immediate peak plasma concentration.

Oct 15, 2026

Bombesin

Bombesin is a 14-amino-acid peptide isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina in 1971 by pharmacologist Vittorio Erspamer, now the standard scaffold for imaging GRP-receptor-expressing tumors.

Bomedemstat

Bomedemstat (MK-3543, IMG-7289) is Merck's oral, irreversible LSD1 inhibitor for myeloproliferative neoplasms, in Phase 3 trials for essential thrombocythemia after Imago BioSciences acquisition.

Bone

Bone: hard mineralized skeletal tissue of collagen and calcium phosphate, with cortical and trabecular types, remodeled by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes; stores calcium and marrow.

Bone age

Bone age, also called skeletal age, is an estimate of a child's biological maturity from an x-ray of the left hand and wrist, used to evaluate growth and puberty disorders.

Bone biopsy

A bone biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of bone tissue, usually with a needle under image guidance, to diagnose infections, tumors, and metabolic bone disease.

Bone cell

Bone cells are the specialized cells of bone tissue: osteoblasts (bone-forming), osteoclasts (resorbing), osteocytes (embedded mechanosensors, ~95% of bone cells), and bone lining cells, coordinated through RANKL/OPG and sclerostin signaling.

Bone densitometry

Bone densitometry is diagnostic imaging that quantifies the skeleton's mineral content to diagnose osteoporosis and estimate fracture risk, performed most often with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Bone density

Bone density (bone mineral density, BMD) measures mineral content of bone, assessed mainly by DXA; T-score -2.5 or lower defines osteoporosis, and testing guides diagnosis, fracture risk, and treatment monitoring.

Bone Development

Bone development is the growth of bones from fetus to adult, through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, with growth plates driving lengthening and remodeling continuing throughout life.

Bone fracture

Bone fracture: a complete or incomplete break in bone continuity. Also called broken bone; open (compound) or closed. Classified by AO/OTA and Gustilo-Anderson systems; heals via inflammatory, reparative, remodeling stages.

Bone grafting

Bone grafting: surgical placement of bone or substitute material to heal fractures, fuse joints, or fill defects. Over 2.2 million procedures yearly; autograft from the iliac crest is the gold standard, with allografts, ceramics, and BMPs as substitutes.

Bone healing

Bone healing, or fracture healing, is the biological process by which bone rebuilds itself after a fracture, restoring strength without a fibrous scar through inflammation, callus formation, and remodeling.

Bone histomorphometry

Bone histomorphometry is a quantitative microscopy method measuring bone structure, cellular activity, and formation and resorption rates in an undecalcified bone biopsy, usually from the iliac crest.

Bone lengthening

Bone lengthening is a surgical orthopedic technique that gradually lengthens a bone by cutting it and slowly pulling the segments apart, allowing new bone to form in the gap.

Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones that makes red and white blood cells and platelets; red marrow performs hematopoiesis, yellow stores fat, and donated marrow or peripheral-blood stem cells treat leukemia and other blood cancers.

Bone marrow ablation

Bone marrow ablation, also called myeloablation, is the destruction of a patient's hematopoietic stem cells with high-dose radiation or chemotherapy before a stem cell transplant.

Bone marrow biopsy

A bone marrow biopsy is an invasive diagnostic procedure that removes a solid core of bone and marrow, usually from the posterior hip bone, for microscopic examination.

Bone marrow examination

Bone marrow examination is a diagnostic procedure in which marrow is drawn by aspiration and core biopsy, usually from the posterior iliac crest, to diagnose blood disorders.

Bone Marrow Purging

Bone marrow purging (hematopoietic stem cell purging) removes residual tumor cells from a graft ex vivo before autologous or allogeneic transplant, using pharmacologic agents such as 4-HC and mafosfamide, immunologic methods, or CD34+ selection; clinical benefit remains unproven in randomized trials.

Bone marrow stimulation

Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) is an arthroscopic surgical technique used for focal defects in the knee and ankle, involving drilling through the subchondral bone to release marrow cells.