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Botulinum toxin injection
Botulinum toxin injection is a medical treatment in which botulinum neurotoxin is injected into muscles or glands, temporarily reducing muscle activity or secretion for many conditions.
Botulism
Botulism is a rare paralytic illness from botulinum toxin made by Clostridium botulinum, occurring as foodborne, infant, wound, inhalation, or iatrogenic forms; treated with antitoxin and ventilation.
Boutonneuse fever
Boutonneuse fever, or Mediterranean spotted fever (fièvre boutonneuse), is a tick-borne rickettsial disease caused by Rickettsia conorii, spread by the brown dog tick, marked by fever, rash, and the tache noire eschar.
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD, BVDV, mucosal disease), a Pestivirus infection of cattle causing enteric, respiratory, reproductive disease and lifelong persistently infected calves; first described 1946, subject of eradication programs.
Bowel cleansing
Bowel cleansing, also called bowel preparation, clears the intestines of fecal matter with laxative solutions, dietary restriction, and fluids, most often before colonoscopy, since inadequate cleansing causes most incomplete examinations.
Bowel obstruction
Bowel obstruction, also called intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical blockage of intestinal contents, usually from adhesions, hernias, or tumors; strangulation threatens bowel viability, and treatment combines resuscitation, decompression, and selective surgery.
Bowel preparation
Bowel preparation is the clinical process of clearing fecal material from the colon with laxatives, diet, and fluids before a colonoscopy, so the lining can be inspected reliably.
Bowel resection
Bowel resection is surgery that removes a diseased segment of the small intestine, colon, or rectum and rejoins the ends, done for cancer, Crohn's disease, obstruction, or trauma.
Bowel transplantation
Bowel (intestinal) transplantation is surgery that replaces a patient's small intestine with a donor graft to treat intestinal failure when parenteral nutrition is no longer safe long term.
Bowen-Conradi syndrome
Bowen-Conradi syndrome (Bowen Hutterite syndrome, BWCNS) is a lethal autosomal recessive ribosomopathy caused by an EMG1 D86G mutation, common in Hutterites (1/355 births), with microcephaly, contractures, and death in infancy.
Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule, the glomerular capsule, is the double-walled epithelial sac at the nephron's start that surrounds the glomerulus; its podocyte and parietal layers enclose Bowman's space where blood filtrate collects.
BOX trial
The BOX trial was a Danish randomized trial testing blood pressure and oxygen targets, plus fever prevention, in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, finding no benefit from higher targets.
Boxer's fracture
A boxer's fracture is a break in the neck of the fifth metacarpal, the hand bone behind the little finger, usually from punching a hard object.
BPTT trial
BPTT trial (NCT03967509): a Swedish cluster randomized effectiveness trial by Uppsala University testing adapted Comet behavioral preschool teacher training, 25 intervention vs 22 control preschools, 100 children aged 3-5, for externalizing behavior.
BPVR trial
BPVR (NCT03016351) is a University of Illinois at Chicago randomized trial comparing 8 weeks of supervised resistance training versus aerobic training in African Americans, measuring blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and endothelial function across control, training, and detraining periods.
Braak staging
Braak staging is a postmortem neuropathological method that grades Alzheimer's disease progression by the anatomical spread of tau tangles, assigning autopsy brains to six stages, I–VI.
Braces
Braces: externally worn devices that support, immobilize, or reposition body parts. Covers orthopedic braces and orthoses (knee, ankle, spine, hand) and dental braces, with evidence on effectiveness, history, and access.
Brachial plexus
Brachial plexus: nerve network from C5–T1 anterior rami supplying the upper limb, organized as roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and five terminal branches; variants, injuries, imaging, and reconstruction are covered.
Brachial plexus block
A brachial plexus block, also called brachial plexus blockade, is a regional anesthesia technique that numbs the shoulder, arm, or hand for surgery and pain control.
Brachial plexus injury
Brachial plexus injury: damage to the C5-T1 nerve network serving shoulder, arm, and hand, from trauma, birth traction, gunshot, or tumor. Surgery timing under 6 months and nerve transfers improve recovery.
Brachial plexus palsy in newborn
Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (Erb's palsy, obstetric brachial plexus injury) is flaccid arm paralysis in newborns from C5–T1 nerve injury during birth; incidence about 1.7 per 1000, mostly upper-trunk, often recovering spontaneously.
Brachialis muscle
Brachialis (Musculus brachialis): fusiform elbow-flexor muscle of the anterior arm compartment, deep to biceps brachii; originates on distal anterior humerus, inserts on ulna, innervated mainly by musculocutaneous nerve.
Brachiocephalic artery
Brachiocephalic artery (innominate artery, brachiocephalic trunk): first branch of the aortic arch, dividing near the right sternoclavicular joint into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries, supplying the right head, neck, and arm.
Brachioplasty
Brachioplasty, commonly called an arm lift, is surgery that removes excess skin and fat from the upper arm to correct sagging, typically in patients who have lost large amounts of weight.
Brachioradialis
Brachioradialis: superficial lateral forearm muscle, formerly supinator longus, flexing the elbow best in mid-pronation; radial nerve (C5-C6), radial recurrent artery, C6 reflex, Wartenberg's syndrome.
Brachycephaly
Brachycephaly: a short, broad skull shape with flattened occiput, from anthropology's cranial index. In infants it is positional (20-50% US prevalence) or synostotic (bicoronal craniosynostosis); also seen in brachycephalic domestic breeds.
Brachydactylous dwarfism, Mseleni type
Brachydactylous dwarfism, Mseleni type, better known as Mseleni joint disease, is a rare chondrodysplasia endemic to Maputaland, South Africa, marked by hip arthropathy and sometimes short stature.
Brachydactyly
Brachydactyly: short fingers or toes from abnormal phalange, metacarpal, or metatarsal development. Types A-E (Bell classification); types A3 and D affect about 2% of people; genes include IHH, ROR2, GDF5, HOXD13.
Brachydactyly of fingers
Brachydactyly of fingers: inherited shortening of finger bones (phalanges, metacarpals), classified Bell/Temtamy-McKusick types A-E with genes IHH, BMPR1B, ROR2, GDF5, HOXD13; usually cosmetic, rarely treated.
Brachydactyly type A1
Brachydactyly type A1 (Farabee-type brachydactyly, OMIM 112500) is a rare autosomal dominant limb malformation with short or absent middle phalanges of all digits, caused mainly by IHH mutations.