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Brain mapping
Brain mapping, also known as brain mapping techniques or a brain map, links brain functions and physiological activity to brain structures using imaging, electrophysiology, and computational analysis.
Brain metastasis
Brain metastasis: secondary brain cancer spread from a primary tumor, affecting 20-40% of cancer patients; treated with surgery, WBRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, and systemic therapy.
Brain on Fire
Brain on Fire: Susannah Cahalan's 2012 memoir (also a 2016 Netflix film with Chloë Grace Moretz) about her 2009 psychosis and seizures, diagnosed by Dr. Souhel Najjar as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, the 217th known case.
Brain positron emission tomography
Brain positron emission tomography (brain PET) is nuclear medicine imaging of living brain function using radiotracers such as FDG, amyloid, and tau agents; used for dementia, epilepsy, and tumor evaluation, with clinical resolution of about 5-10 mm.
Brain Research (journal)
Brain Research is a peer-reviewed neuroscience journal published in Amsterdam by Elsevier since 1966, one of the field's long-running general titles, which later absorbed several specialized spin-off journals.
Brain size
Brain size: the volume or mass of the brain, measured by MRI in living people and endocranial volume in fossils; mean human cranial capacity 1350–1400 cm³, peaking near 1,450 g before age 25.
Brain stimulation
Brain stimulation is the use of externally applied electrical currents, magnetic fields, or other physical energy to alter nervous system activity, probing brain function and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Brain Tissue Transplantation
Brain tissue transplantation moves brain tissue from a fetus or born donor to another organism, studied as a nervous system research tool and investigational therapy.
Brain transplant
Brain transplant: hypothetical whole-brain transfer between bodies, distinct from head transplantation and neural tissue grafting. Key figures: Robert White's 1964 monkey brain and 1970 head transplants; Canavero's unperformed human proposals; spinal cord reconnection remains unsolved.
Brain tumor
Brain tumor: abnormal cell growth in the brain or CNS; primary tumors (gliomas, meningiomas) versus metastatic tumors, WHO grades I-IV, molecular classification, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and survival statistics.
Brain tumor prognosis and outcomes
A brain tumor prognosis estimates how a specific tumor will behave over time. Five-year survival ranges from 92% for non-malignant tumors to about 7% for glioblastoma.
Brain tumor treatment
Brain tumor treatment is the management of tumors inside the skull using surgery, radiation, drugs, and supportive care, chosen by tumor type, molecular profile, and location.
Brain volumetry
Brain volumetry is the measurement of volumes of brain structures such as the hippocampus, typically from MRI scans, used to quantify atrophy in dementia and epilepsy workups.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin acting through TrkB and p75NTR, regulates neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity; its Val66Met polymorphism affects secretion, depression genetics, and cognition.
Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome
Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome (BLTS, NKX2-1-related disorder, choreoathetosis-hypothyroidism-neonatal respiratory distress syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by NKX2-1 (TITF1) mutations at 14q13.3, combining congenital hypothyroidism, infant respiratory distress syndrome, and benign hereditary chorea.
Brain–computer interface
Brain–computer interface (BCI, brain-machine interface): hardware and software that record brain signals and convert them into device commands or feedback; coined by Vidal 1973, first human implant 1998, Utah array standard since 2004.
BrainGate2 trial
BrainGate2 (NCT00912041) is a multicenter pilot clinical trial implanting Utah microelectrode arrays in people with tetraplegia from ALS, spinal cord injury, brainstem stroke, or muscular dystrophy, letting them control cursors, robotic arms, and speech decoders with their thoughts.
BrainInjury trial
BrainInjury (NCT02656433, TRNS23062015) is a completed double-blind randomized trial by the Spanish Foundation for Neurometrics Development testing transcranial random noise stimulation plus physiotherapy, 30 sessions over 2 days weekly, in 92 children aged 3-7 with congenital or acquired brain injury, measuring GMFM and EEG outcomes.
Brainstem
Brainstem: the lower brain region connecting cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum, made of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and houses ten cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation.
Brainstem haemorrhage
Brainstem haemorrhage (ICD-11 8B00.2) is bleeding in the midbrain, pons, or medulla; primary pontine hemorrhage is the most fatal intracerebral hemorrhage subtype, mainly hypertensive, managed conservatively.
Brainstem lesion
Brainstem lesion: abnormal tissue in the midbrain, pons, or medulla from vascular, neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, or traumatic causes; diagnosed mainly by MRI, classified focal or diffuse, with crossed cranial nerve and body signs.
Brainstem stroke syndrome
Brainstem stroke syndrome is stroke affecting the midbrain, pons, and medulla, accounting for roughly 10% to 15% of strokes; its hallmark is crossed deficits, and severe cases can cause locked-in syndrome.
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome
Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by TFAP2A mutations, marked by neck skin defects, eye malformations, cleft lip, and hearing loss.
Branchiootic syndrome
Branchiootic syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder marked by branchial cysts and fistulae, malformations of the outer, middle, and inner ear, and hearing loss, with normal kidneys.
Branchioskeletogenital syndrome
Branchioskeletogenital syndrome, also called Elsahy-Waters syndrome or BSG syndrome, is an ultra-rare CDH11-related congenital malformation syndrome with craniofacial, dental, vertebral, and genital anomalies, moderate intellectual disability, and about 7 reported cases.
BRATR trial
BRATR (NCT04193007) is a randomized phase II trial from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University testing brain radiotherapy plus targeted therapy versus targeted therapy alone in asymptomatic NSCLC brain metastases with gene sensitive mutations; planned 100 patients, status unknown, no results posted.
Braxton Hicks contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions, also called practice or false labor contractions, are painless, irregular uterine tightenings in pregnancy, first described by John Braxton Hicks in 1872, that do not dilate the cervix or start labor.
Brazikumab
Brazikumab, known by the development codes AMG 139 and MEDI2070, is a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-23 that was investigated for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Brazilian hair straightening
Brazilian hair straightening, also called Brazilian keratin treatment (BKT) or Brazilian blowout, is a salon treatment sealing a smoothing solution with heat; many products release formaldehyde gas when heated, prompting FDA warning letters and OSHA limits.
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (febre hemorrágica brasileira) is a rare, often fatal hemorrhagic disease caused by Sabiá virus, a rodent-borne New World arenavirus of São Paulo state, Brazil; six confirmed infections, no vaccine or specific treatment.